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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

An Integrated Waveguide Resonator Squeezer for Optical Networks

Michael Stefszky, Matteo Santandrea, Felix vom Bruch, Viktor Quiring, Raimund Ricken, Christof Eigner, Harald Herrmann, Christine Silberhorn

Published Jun 26, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Squeezed light is the fundamental building block of continuous variable quantum optics, the usefulness of which has recently been highlighted in multiple experiments such as boson sampling [1] and gravitational-wave detection [2]. Due to their usefulness, there has naturally been a push to develop integrated sources of these quantum states of light.

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec57999.2023.10232820

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Squeezed light is the fundamental building block of continuous variable quantum optics, the usefulness of which has recently been highlighted in multiple experiments such as boson sampling [1] and gravitational-wave detection [2]. Due to their usefulness, there has naturally been a push to develop integrated sources of these quantum states of light.
``Squeezed'' states of light are the fundamental building blocks for continuous-variable quantum optics, so a quantum network for optical communication would seem to require a compact, efficient source of such states. Combining clever design with recent advances in waveguide materials engineering, the authors produce a device that yields very high levels of squeezing, compared to other integrated architectures. Their innovative approach allows for rarely seen continuous-wave squeezing, paving the way for more advanced on-chip functions.
Squeezed states of light are used for precision metrology and quantum-enhanced measurements, with applications spanning communication and sensing. State-of-the-art squeezed-light sources typically rely on optical cavities to achieve high, usable levels of squeezing. Recently, waveguide-based squeezed-light sources have demonstrated significant improvements in achievable squeezing, with performance currently limited by fabrication-induced losses. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of waveguide-based squeezers, examining the effects of phase noise, multiple loss mechanisms, and fundamental light leakage seeding the squeezer. We further investigate a cascaded squeezer architecture, in which a second waveguide operates as a phase-sensitive amplifier to mitigate out-coupling and detection losses. Owing to their ease of integration, robustness to high pump powers, and low intrinsic phase noise, we propose waveguide-based squeezed-light sources as a promising alternative for quantum noise reduction in future gravitational wave detectors, such as the Einstein Telescope.
Squeezed light forms the foundation of continuous-variable quantum optics. In most experimental realisations, bulk optics resonators utilising the second-order nonlinearity serve as the source of stable, high levels of squeezing. As one would expect, there is a drive towards producing squeezed light sources in integrated platforms, as it is expected that such a transition will ease the challenges in moving toward real-world applications. However, waveguides come with their own set of challenges; they generally exhibit increased losses, and some platforms suffer from photothermal or photorefractive effects.
Recent experiments have demonstrated the successful generation and detection of moderately squeezed vacuum states with integrated photonics. However, in order to benefit from the reduced noise of highly squeezed light, many different noise sources must be mitigated. Here, we quantify the fundamental limits these noise sources impose on squeezing measurements and find surprising generality across different platforms and designs. We combine these different limitations into a simple model that provides practical guidance for the design and benchmarking of next-generation integrated squeezed-light systems.
The work presented in this thesis is focused on experimental application and generation of continuous variable quantum correlated states of light in integrated dielectric structures. Squeezed states are among the most exploited continuous variable optical states for free-space quantum-enhanced sensing and communication protocols, but for these developments to be applicable for future technologies they must be transformed to an integrated architecture compatible with current electro-optical technology. So far only little work has been done in this direction, but two such contributions are made in this thesis: Firstly, we present proof-of-principle demonstration of interfacing squeezed light with an on-chip optomechanical resonator, demonstrating a quantum-enhanced sensitivity to the vibrations of the micromechanical object. Secondly, work on developing an integrated source of squeezed light is presented and an optimized device design is proposed. The devices have been fabricated and tested optically and preliminary interrogations of the output quantum noise have been performed.