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Entropy

A Semi-Quantum Private Comparison Base on W-States

Jian Li, Zhuo Wang, Jun Yang, Chong‐Qiang Ye, Fanting Che

Published Aug 29, 2023• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Privacy comparison is an important research topic in secure multi-party computing, widely used in e-commerce, secret ballots, and other fields. However, the development of quantum computing power poses a growing potential security threat to secure multi-party algorithms based on mathematically tricky problems, and most of the proposed quantum privacy comparison schemes could be more efficient. Therefore, based on the W-state, we offer a more efficient semi-quantum privacy comparison method. The security analysis shows that the scheme can resist third-party, measurement, and entanglement attacks. Compared with the previous work, the scheme significantly improves communication efficiency and has stronger practicability.

DOI
10.3390/e25091269

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Privacy comparison is an important research topic in secure multi-party computing, widely used in e-commerce, secret ballots, and other fields. However, the development of quantum computing power poses a growing potential security threat to secure multi-party algorithms based on mathematically tricky problems, and most of the proposed quantum privacy comparison schemes could be more efficient. Therefore, based on the W-state, we offer a more efficient semi-quantum privacy comparison method. The security analysis shows that the scheme can resist third-party, measurement, and entanglement attacks. Compared with the previous work, the scheme significantly improves communication efficiency and has stronger practicability.
Abstract Based on Bell states, a new semi-quantum private comparison protocol is proposed that enables two classical users to securely compare the equality of their private information with the aid of a semi-honest third party. Different from the existing semi-quantum private comparison protocols, the two classical participants in the presented protocol do not need to measure and prepare any quantum state, which not only reduces the consumption of quantum devices, but also greatly improves the feasibility of the protocol. Performing different unitary operations on the received particles, classical users can securely compare their secret information. Besides, the devised protocol has higher qubit efficiency than the other similar counterparts, since participants can compare a two-bit privacy each time with one qubit. Meanwhile, after completing the comparison process, all Bell states could be reused since they still retain the corresponding entanglement property, which greatly facilitates the recycle of quantum resources. Security analyses indicate that the designed scheme is secure against external attack and internal attack. Moreover, the operations involved in our scheme are simulated on the IBM Quantum Experience to demonstrate the effectiveness and security of our scheme.
The goal of semi-quantum privacy comparison (SQPC) is to use a small amount of quantum capabilities to compare private information for equality. In recent years, research on semi-quantum privacy comparison protocol has made some achievements. However, most of SQPC protocols can merely compare the private information of two parties, and the research of multi-party SQPC protocols are still scarce. If the number of participants is more than two, the protocol needs to be executed multiple times. Therefore, we proposed a multi-party semi-quantum private comparison protocol based on the maximally entangled GHZ-type state, which has the capability to compare the equality of n parties by executing the protocol once. What is more, the transmission of participant’s encrypted information is not through the classical channel, which improves the security of the protocol. Finally, the security analysis shows that outsider attacks, dishonest participants attacks and semi-honest TP attacks are all invalid for this protocol.
Abstract An efficient semi-quantum private comparison protocol is proposed with d -dimensional Bell states to assist two classical parties in comparing the size relation of their secret information. With the assistance of a third party (TP), Alice and Bob do not need to measure qubits or prepare new qubits, reducing the consumption of quantum resources. The presented protocol has a higher qubit efficiency than other similar protocols, since the legal participants can compare two bits of privacy (i.e., secret information unknown to others) each time with one qubit. Moreover, the proposed scheme offers a greater advantage when comparing larger private numbers, with the correctness of its outputs verified through analytical methods. Simulation experiments further verified the correctness of the proposed protocol, and security analyses demonstrated its robustness against external and internal attacks. Furthermore, the proposed semi-quantum private comparison protocol can be converted into an efficient semi-quantum key distribution protocol.
Private comparison is the basis of many encryption technologies, and several related Quantum Private Comparison (QPC) protocols have been published in recent years. In these existing protocols, secret information is encoded by using conjugate coding or orthogonal states, and all users are quantum participants. In this paper, a novel semi-quantum private comparison scheme is proposed, which employs Bell entangled states as quantum resources. Two semi-quantum participants compare the equivalence of their private information with the help of a semi-honest third party (TP). Compared with the previous classical protocols, these two semi-quantum users can only make some particular action, such as to measure, prepare and reflect quantum qubits only in the classical basis {|0⟩,|1⟩} , and TP needs to perform Bell basis measurement on reflecting qubits to obtain the results of the comparison. Further, analysis results show that this scheme can avoid outside and participant attacks and its’ qubit efficiency is better than the other two protocols mentioned in the paper.
Abstract In this paper, we propose two multi-party quantum private comparison protocols based on the properties of the d-dimensional GHZ state. Protocol 1 is designed to compare the equality of multiple participants’ secrets with the help of a semi-honest third party TP. The semi-honest TP will follow the protocol honestly, but he may attempt to learn additional information from the protocol execution. In this protocol, multiple participants encode their secret information into the corresponding particles in turn through unitary operations, thereby achieving the comparison of the equality of their multiple secrets in a single execution. This protocol has a wide range of applications. For example, by combining the basic model framework of this protocol with the Chinese Remainder Theorem, we propose Protocol 2. In this protocol, multiple participants compare the size relationships of their multiple secrets with the help of a semi-honest third party TP. Therefore, based on the same basic model framework, the two protocols proposed in this paper can be applied respectively to the comparison of the equality and the size relationships of multiple participants’ secrets. Importantly, the two protocols do not require pre-shared keys. Security analysis shows that the proposed protocols can resist various attacks, including entangle-measure attack, intercept-resend attack, third party attacks, and participant attacks.