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Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science

A Pointed Weak Energy Conservation Law via Noether's Theorem

Allen Parks

Published Aug 22, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Noether’s theorem is used to identify a conservation law for the quantum mechanical pointed weak energy. Under this law the pointed weak energy is a constant of the motion and leads to simple expressions for the correlation amplitude between and probability for an associated evolving quantum state and the state at a previous initial time.

DOI
10.55632/pwvas.v95i3.1020

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Noether’s theorem is used to identify a conservation law for the quantum mechanical pointed weak energy. Under this law the pointed weak energy is a constant of the motion and leads to simple expressions for the correlation amplitude between and probability for an associated evolving quantum state and the state at a previous initial time.
It is shown that the actual paths in Hilbert space followed by a finite set of n ⩾ 2 quantum states evolving between initial and final end point configurations are such that an associated weak energy functional defined by Pancharatnam phases and state separation distances in projective Hilbert space determined by the generalized Fubini-Study metric is stationary for all variations of these phases, separations and time which vanish at the end points. Noether's theorem is used to identify two weak energy conservation laws which are shown to be the analogues of the momentum and energy conservation laws of Langrangian mechanics.
The weak energy for a quantum state evolving relative to its fixed initial state (pointed weak energy) in a Hilbert space of arbitrary dimension is defined and aspects of the classical mechanical, transformational and geometric relationships between this quantity and the motion of the associated quantum state are studied in a two-dimensional configuration space with Pancharatnam (P) phase and Fubini-Study (FS) metric distance as generalized coordinates (PFS configuration space). It is shown that when expressed in these coordinates: (1) the evolution of the quantum state is described by an equation of motion for an associated correlation amplitude (pointed correlation amplitude) in which the dynamics are induced by the interaction of the pointed weak energy with this correlation amplitude; (2) the pointed weak energy defines a 1-form with the transformational properties of a U (1) gauge potential (pointed weak energy gauge potential) which produces infinitesimal changes in the pointed correlation amplitude via its interaction with the amplitude; (3) the pointed correlation amplitude is defined by an exponential function of a line integral of the pointed weak energy gauge potential; (4) pointed weak energy gauge transformations exist that are equivalent to local U (1) gauge transformations of quantum states and—when examined within the context of the pointed probability current and pointed weak energy stationary action principles—offer an interpretation of gauge invariance analogous to that found in classical mechanics; and (5) integral invariants exist which relate line integrals of the weak energy gauge potential to geometric phase and the Aharonov–Anandan connection 1-form in the associated Hilbert space. States which irreversibly decay and Grover's quantum search algorithm serve as simple illustrations of the theory.
Noether's theorem links the symmetries of a quantum system with its conserved quantities, and is a cornerstone of quantum mechanics. Here we prove a version of Noether's theorem for Markov processes. In quantum mechanics, an observable commutes with the Hamiltonian if and only if its expected value remains constant in time for every state. For Markov processes that no longer hold, but an observable commutes with the Hamiltonian if and only if both its expected value and standard deviation are constant in time for every state.
Noether's theorem links the symmetries of a quantum system with its conserved quantities, and is a cornerstone of quantum mechanics. Here we prove a version of Noether's theorem for Markov processes. In quantum mechanics, an observable commutes with the Hamiltonian if and only if its expected value remains constant in time for every state. For Markov processes that no longer hold, but an observable commutes with the Hamiltonian if and only if both its expected value and standard deviation are constant in time for every state. © 2013 American Institute of Physics.
The previously developed 'continuous temporal development and Noether's theorem' approach to the association of symmetries and conservations of the laws of nature, part of the foundation of any (classical or quantum) Lagrangian theory, is generalised significantly. Within this framework a strong result is obtained for the inverse Noether's theorem, associating symmetries with given conservations. A general symmetry-conservation formalism is proposed, into which both the previously developed 'linear temporal development and conserved eigenheit' approach, part of the foundation of any quantum theory and also applicable to certain classical ones, and the 'continuous temporal...' approach, as different as they are, fit nicely.