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ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)

Single-mode Distributed Feedback Lasers for85Rb Two-Photon Quantum Technology Systems

Eugenio Di Gaetano, Brendan Keliehor, Paul F. Griffin, Marc Sorel, Erling Riis, Douglas J. Paul

Published Jan 1, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Distributed feedback lasers at 778.1 nm wavelength demonstrate 48 mW output, 20.5º vertical divergence, –150 dBc/Hz intensity noise, and 3.67 kHz Lorentzian linewidth. Such devices successfully resolved the 85Rb two-photon hyperfine levels in free-running conditions.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_at.2023.am2n.5

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A new epitaxial layer design with a double mode expander layer, high refractive index claddings, and an aluminum-free active area has been used to demonstrate distributed feedback lasers operating at 778.1 nm wavelength with reduced Lorentzian linewidth aimed at miniature atomic clock applications. The design also reduces the vertical beam divergence to improve the modal matching with optical fibers as well as maintain the high power output and reduce the emission linewidth. The lasers demonstrate single-mode operation with an over 35 dB side-mode suppression ratio, a power output ≤58 mW, a coupling efficiency to tapered fibers ≤40%, and a Lorentzian linewidth of 3.7 kHz. The performance allowed the free-running distributed feedback lasers to demonstrate spectroscopy of Rb vapor, which resolved the 85Rb and 87Rb two-photon transitions.
Distributed feedback (DFB) laser chips have recently become available at wavelengths that match the D1 and D2 resonance transitions of alkaline atoms. We investigated the spectral properties, tuning characteristics and modulation behavior of continuous wave, single-mode DFB diodes at 778-780 nm and performed high-resolution spectroscopy of Rubidium vapor. The mode-hop free tuning range of the DFB diodes was as large as 2.4 nm (1186 GHz). The line width of the laser diodes was examined both with a heterodyne beat experiment and with high-resolution Doppler-free two photon spectroscopy, yielding a half width of 2-2.5 MHz. The saturation spectra of the D2-line of 85Rb and 87Rb were recorded with a resolution close to the natural line width. The emission frequency was actively stabilized to Doppler-free transitions with a relative accuracy of better than 4 parts in 109 using commercially available servo devices only. The output power of 80 mW was sufficient to allow for two photon spectroscopy of the 5S-5D-transition of 87Rb. We conclude that the performance of the DFB laser equals that of grating-stabilized external-cavity diode lasers (ECDLs), without the mechanical complexity of the latter systems. The DFB diode is thus well-suited to high-resolution applications in alkaline spectroscopy, including laser cooling and optical manipulation of ultra-cold atoms.
This is a progress report on the realization of a compact and transportable frequency standard at 1556 nm based on a two-photon transition in rubidium at 778 nm. These hyperfine transitions present great metrological interest. They have a narrow theoretical linewidth of 150 kHz when observed with a 1556 nm laser, and their absolute frequency is known with an uncertainty of 5.2 X 10-12. In this experiment, we use a high power 1556 nm DFB laser and reduce its linewidth to the 10 kHz level using optical feedback from a confocal cavity. We generate its second harmonic in a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal and use this signal to injection-lock a Fabry-Perot laser emitting 42 mW at 778 nm. The slave laser is used to observe the Doppler-free two- photon transitions: two counter-propagating beams excite rubidium atoms which emit a blue fluorescence on resonance. This 420 nm light is detected on the side of the Rb cell with a photomultiplier. Such an optical frequency standard at 1556 nm, standing in the multiwavelength telecommunications systems window, becomes an attractive source for absolute frequency calibration of WDM components, optical spectrum analyzers and wavemeters.
Distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers have found promising prospects in quantum sensing, cold atom physics, and precision spectroscopy. However, a broader implementation is challenged by their MHz-scale linewidths and the absence of autonomous atomic resonance alignment. Here, we demonstrate a turnkey 795 nm DBR laser system locked to the Rb 85 D 1 hyperfine transition. Our approach employs a dual-stage architecture: stage 1 utilizes the Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF) with optical feedback, achieving automatic frequency resonance and confinement to the vicinity of the Rb 85 D 1 line, while reducing the 1/ π integral linewidth from 461.8 kHz to 28.8 kHz, and the Lorentzian linewidth from 25.8 kHz to 426.9 Hz. This mechanism is quantitatively investigated using Lang–Kobayashi equations. Stage 2 applies modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) to further stabilize the frequency of the optically locked laser, which yields an Allan deviation of 3.29×10 −13 / τ . Our system unlocks DBR lasers’ potential in quantum precision measurements, offering a convenient, compact, low-noise light source for atomic clocks, magnetometers, and gyroscopes.