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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR)

Optimal Encoding of Contextuality in Polarization Entangled Photon States

Ming Ji, Kengo Matsuyama, M. Iinuma, Holger Friedrich Hofmann

Published Jan 1, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown that the simultaneous validity of seemingly contradictory statements about the linear and circular polarization of two photons is optimized by a careful adjustment of the balance between entanglement and local polarization.
DOI
10.1364/cleopr.2022.cfa7h_04

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We experimentally investigate nonlocal contextual relations between complementary photon polarizations by adapting the entanglement and the local polarizations of a two-photon state to satisfy three deterministic conditions demonstrating both quantum contextuality and nonlocality. The key component of this adaptive input state control is the variable degree of entanglement of the photon-pair source. Local polarization rotations can optimize two of the three correlations, and the variation of the entanglement optimizes the third correlation. Our results demonstrate that quantum contextuality is based on a nontrivial trade-off between local complementarity and quantum correlations.
Bell-state experiments with pairs of polarization-entangled photons are interpreted without any hinge on non-local mechanisms. The presented model rests on a careful analysis of published experimental findings. These foundations are implemented into a standard quantum mechanical treatment that obeys the purely local nature of each polarization preparation in the course of a measurement process. Polarization entanglement is ascribed to the generation of indiscernible photon pairs while undistorted propagation maintains this interrelation. Thus, the proposed approach assigns the essential characteristics of polarization entanglement to each constituent of an entangled pair. Accordingly, space-time separated polarization preparations lead to consistent probabilities of joint detection events. The obtained results agree with those of previous non-local models and thus reproduce the experimentally required violations of the Bell inequality. Since the presented approach lacks any non-local phenomenon, hidden variables are rendered superfluous, too.
A single photon is well known to have spin S = hbar, which would correspond to circular polarization, and all quantum transitions with photon absorption or emission correspond to DeltaS = +/-hbar. However, it is also widely believed that a single photon may be linearly polarized, which would correspond to a state with S = 0. Indeed, linearly polarized single photons are central to most quantum entanglement experiments. On the contrary, it has recently been suggested (based on a realistic spin-quantized wave picture of quantum states) that a linearly polarized photon state must be a superposition of a pair of circularly polarized photons, each with S = +/-hbar. This question cannot be resolved using a conventional photon detector, which generally cannot distinguish one photon from two simultaneous photons. However, it can be addressed using a superconducting microcalorimeter detector with sub-eV energy resolution and high quantum efficiency (QE). A careful experiment demonstrating this photon pairing could place in question some of the paradoxical central foundations of modern quantum theory, including quantum entanglement and nonlocality.
Since John Bell has established his famous inequality and several independent experiments have confirmed the distinct polarization correlation of entangled photons predicted by quantum mechanics it is evident that quantum mechanics cannot be explained by local realistic theories. Actually, the observed polarization correlation can be deduced from wave optical considerations. The correlation has its origin in the phase coupling of the two circularly polarized wave packets leaving the photon source simultaneously. The experimental results violate Bell's inequality although no non-local interactions have to be assumed. In consequence the principle of locality remains valid in the scope of quantum mechanics. However, the principle of realism has to be replaced by the less stringent principle of contextuality.