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IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics

Performance Comparison of Classical and Quantum-Based NG-PON2 Communication System

Pravindra Kumar, Navneet Sharma, Kumar Gautam

Published Jul 13, 2023• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The high speed data transmission requirement of modern-era may be fulfilled with the next generation gigabit-capable passive optical network (NG-PON). It has a great potential to support the high speed data transmission with increased required bandwidth. The most critical end-to-end performance parameter say bit-error-rate (BER) of NG-PON system may be calculated in Quantum and classical regime separately. The classical theory of photon detection is generally applied to communication systems working under optical frequencies. The recent development of non-classical version of detection phenomenon uses photon detection statistics which requires use of Quantum theory. The interest is increasing these-days in Quantum detection techniques used in optics based systems led to implement of quantum mechanics based approaches to improve BER and to examine the similarities and differences between the classical and quantum theory of optical communication. In this paper, mathematical formulation to calculate the BER using Quantum is provided. To show, the efficacy of Quantum detection technique, results in terms of BER are compared with classical technique. Numerical simulations are performed, and results show that quantum detection technique gives around 3dB error improvement and is better in most cases (QPSK, 8-QAM, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM) as compared to classical detection technique.

DOI
10.1109/tce.2023.3295169

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The high speed data transmission requirement of modern-era may be fulfilled with the next generation gigabit-capable passive optical network (NG-PON). It has a great potential to support the high speed data transmission with increased required bandwidth. The most critical end-to-end performance parameter say bit-error-rate (BER) of NG-PON system may be calculated in Quantum and classical regime separately. The classical theory of photon detection is generally applied to communication systems working under optical frequencies. The recent development of non-classical version of detection phenomenon uses photon detection statistics which requires use of Quantum theory. The interest is increasing these-days in Quantum detection techniques used in optics based systems led to implement of quantum mechanics based approaches to improve BER and to examine the similarities and differences between the classical and quantum theory of optical communication. In this paper, mathematical formulation to calculate the BER using Quantum is provided. To show, the efficacy of Quantum detection technique, results in terms of BER are compared with classical technique. Numerical simulations are performed, and results show that quantum detection technique gives around 3dB error improvement and is better in most cases (QPSK, 8-QAM, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM) as compared to classical detection technique.
The access network portion of a telecommunications system in the last years demands ever-increasing bandwidth to serve not only residential and commercial customers but also other telecommunications operators, as is the case with back-haul in mobile infrastructure.To achieve this, technologies using fiber optics as a transmission medium are being developed.Passive Optical Network (PON) protocols such as ITU-T G.9804.1 provides new schemes of multiplexing that improve higher speed offered both in the downstream channel (operator to user) and in the upstream channel (user to operator).In some cases a symmetrical optical link is required to support new services, applications and terminals from users side because their profiles and demands has changed in the last decade with new challenges to maintain network parameters within the established contracted values.On the other hand, information security has also been a topic of interest in recent years, so quantum cryptography offers an alternative to increase robustness compared to the mechanisms available in electronic systems that could be vulnerable to the development of quantum computing.Although quantum cryptography protocols were defined in the last century, their application is of interest today, as they can exploit the properties of photons to make it more difficult for an intruder to obtain the private key of an information system that uses optical fiber as a transmission medium.This work shows the computational application of the BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol on an operating model of a 50G passive optical network, demonstrating both the cryptography performance and network quality parameters such as the bit error rate (BER) and the eye diagram.
Fiber-based quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are mature and commercialized, but their integration into existing optical networks is crucial for their widespread use, in particular in passive optical networks (PONs) if end-to-end quantum-secured communications are to be addressed. While discrete-variable QKD coexistence with classical channels is well-studied in point-to-point links, its performance in point-to-multipoint topologies like PONs has received less attention. We thus developed a numerical tool to estimate quantum-available bandwidth and maximum link lengths for QKD systems in single-fiber PON architectures in coexistence with GPON, XG-PON, NG-PON2, and HS-PON standards. The QKD channel performance is obtained by setting thresholds on the quantum bit error rate and the secret key rate, ultimately limited by spontaneous Raman scattering noise and high optical distribution network losses. We perform a comparison between the performance obtained assuming the asymptotic infinite-key generation rate or taking into account actual implementations in the finite-key regime. We evidence that proper design rules can be obtained as a function of both classical and quantum system parameters to support end-to-end quantum security services in existing optical networks.
Quantum communication allows us to share information by using the quantum states of qubits. Superdense coding is a very popular protocol or scheme for quantum communication, which uses entangled qubits. Entangled qubits can also be used to share information using an ALOHA based protocol. Performance evaluation of these protocols is essential for their implementation in quantum communication. In this paper, we calculate the bit error rates (BERs) of these two entanglement-based quantum communication schemes. It has been noticed that the BER performance is improved in an ALOHA based scheme compared to the Superdense coding scheme. However, without using any error correction schemes, the BERs are still very high in both the cases compared to the classical communication methods. The BER performance can be further improved by using the appropriate error correction schemes, which are under investigation.
Abstract Towards offering efficient optical networks with regards to the cost and delay, the adaptation of quantum and classical communications can offer a solution to reduce high generated cost of implementing the bare quantum repeaters-based networks. In this paper, the performance of hybrid (classical-Quantum) networks that uses quantum repeaters is analysed and compared with bare quantum repeater network. In a distance, these repeaters are removed and replaced with classical base station. Several network metrics have been evaluated after modelling both quantum and hybrid networks, such as the latency, data rate, energy efficiency, scalability, power consumption and cost of implementation. The results show that the hybrid networks can offer faster connectivity, reduced cost, less required cost of operation and higher scalability. In contrary, the bare quantum repeater network showed higher data rate and higher energy efficiency.
The fundamental performance limits and channel capacity of optical communications systems operating over the free-space channel will be examined using quantum detection theory. The performance of the optimum quantum receiver for on{ofi keying and optical binary phase-shift keying is flrst examined as a pure-state (no-noise) problem. The classical capacity of the binary symmetric channel for these two modulation schemes will be evaluated for the optimum quantum receiver by making use of the concept of quantum measurement states. The performance of M-ary pulse-position modulation, which requires a product state representation, will be evaluated along with the performance of certain dense signal sets. Performance comparisons with classical techniques show an improvement of over 5 dB in some cases when quantum detection is employed. As a further application of the quantum detection theory, the capacity of the binary channel with on{ofi keyed modulation and quantum detection is evaluated and shown to exceed the capacity obtained with classical photon counting.
Next-generation high-speed optical transport systems require powerful forward error correction (FEC) codes with high error-correcting capabilities to ensure high data reliability. Low density parity check (LDPC) codes are strong candidates for ensuring the high data reliability needed to support data rates of 100 Gb/s, demanded by optical systems. Non-binary LDPC (NB-LDPC) codes provides better performance compared to binary version, as they offer larger coding gains with shorter code lengths and reduced system latency. Despite their advantages, LDPC codes suffer from error floor problem at low bit error rates (BER), with NB-LDPC codes showing error floors at BER around 10-7. High-speed optical transport systems generally require BERs of the order of 10-12. The error floor problem can be mitigated by concatenating LDPC codes with a shorter outer code. Existing works mainly focus on employing Reed Solomon (RS) codes to remove error floor. However, the decoding complexity is high for these codes. This paper proposes concatenated Polar and NB-LDPC codes to address the error floor issue, since polar codes have relatively low encoding and decoding complexity. The channel noise in optical communication systems using optical amplifiers cannot be analyzed using simplified additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Hence the channel noise is mathematically derived and proved that chi-square channel model is appropriate than AWGN. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed concatenated codes over proposed channel model can achieve a net coding gain of around 1.5dB at a BER of 10-12.