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IEEE Internet of Things Journal

Quantum Secure Threshold Private Set Intersection Protocol for IoT-Enabled Privacy-Preserving Ride-Sharing Application

Tapaswini Mohanty, Vikas Srivastava, Sumit Kumar Debnath, Ashok Kumar Das, Biplab Sikdar

Published Jun 30, 2023• 30 citations

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled ride sharing is one of the most transforming and innovative technologies in the transportation industry. It has myriads of advantages, but with increasing demands there are security concerns as well. Traditionally, cryptographic methods are used to address the security and privacy concerns in a ride sharing system. Unfortunately, due to the emergence of quantum algorithms, these cryptographic protocols may not remain secure. Hence, there is a necessity for privacy-preserving ride sharing protocols which can resist various attacks against quantum computers. In the domain of privacy-preserving ride sharing, a threshold private set intersection (TPSI) can be adopted as a viable solution because it enables the users to determine the intersection of private data sets if the set intersection cardinality is greater than or equal to a threshold value. Although TPSI can help to alleviate privacy concerns, none of the existing TPSI is quantum secure. Furthermore, the existing TPSI faces the issue of long-term security. In contrast to classical and post quantum cryptography, quantum cryptography (QC) provides a more robust solution, where QC is based on the postulates of quantum physics (e.g., Heisenberg uncertainty principle, no cloning theorem, etc.) and it can handle the prevailing issues of quantum threat and long-term security. Herein, we propose the first QC-based TPSI protocol which has a direct application in privacy-preserving ride sharing. Due to the use of QC, our IoT-enabled ride sharing scheme remains quantum secure and achieves long-term security as well.

DOI: 10.1109/jiot.2023.3291132

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Threshold private set intersection is a basic primitive of secure multiparty computation, which has many important applications in the field of privacy preservation and information security, especially in a ride sharing system, one of the most transforming and innovative technologies enabled by the Internet of Things. In this paper, we propose a new proposal for threshold private set intersection based on quantum homomorphic encryption, in which both the number of users and the designated trusted party are flexible. Furthermore, the complicated computing task can be delegated to a server for processing contributing to the speciality of quantum homomorphic encryption. More importantly, the users’ privacy is perfectly guaranteed because all the calculations are performed on the quantum encrypted data. Therefore, this proposal is more practical compared with the prior work.

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), big data and artificial intelligence (AI) technology has brought extensive IoT services to entities. However, most IoT services carry the risk of leaking privacy. Privacy-preserving set intersection in IoT is used for a wide range of basic services, and its privacy protection issues have received widespread attention. The traditional candidate protocols to solve the privacy-preserving set intersection are classical encryption protocols based on computational difficulty. With the emergence of quantum computing, some advanced quantum algorithms may undermine the security and reliability of traditional protocols. Therefore, it is important to design more secure privacy-preserving set intersection protocols. In addition, identity information is also very important compared to data security. To this end, we propose a quantum privacy-preserving set intersection protocol for IoT scenarios, which has higher security and linear communication efficiency. This protocol can protect identity anonymity while protecting private data.

Proximity-based mobile social networks (PMSNs) represent a novel category of social networks that enable mobile users to discover and engage in new social interactions with nearby individuals through user-profile matching. The user’s personal profile contains sensitive information and raises increasing privacy concerns. Numerous solutions have been proposed to address this ongoing challenge, but the current methods using classical cryptographic techniques may lack quantum resistance and fail to ensure long-term security due to the emergence of quantum computers. In this paper, we propose a quantum-secure privacy-preserving profile matching scheme for PMSNs. The proposed scheme is grounded in the quantum threshold private set intersection (QTPSI) scheme, leveraging principles from quantum physics to safeguard the privacy of user profile and ensure secure information transmission, even in the presence of an adversary with powerful quantum computing power. Compared to existing schemes, our approach integrates quantum technologies, including single photons, rotational encryption, and single-particle measurements, to facilitate profile matching. This methodology effectively resists both classical and quantum attacks, ensuring that all information related to the profiles and matching results remains confidential.

Private Set Intersection Cardinality (PSI-CA) is one of the most concerned issues with the protection of privacy, in which two parties jointly compute the intersection cardinality without revealing their respective private sets. There are important applications of PSI-CA in real society, e.g., strongly privacy-preserving data statistics in contact tracing for health authorities to fight the outbreaks of highly contagious diseases. In this paper, we present a novel quantum PSI-CA protocol, in which we adopt oblivious quantum key distribution, secure quantum summation and quantum counting algorithm. The proposed PSI-CA protocol not only ensures the approximatively perfect security but also achieves the linear communication complexity, i.e.,

{O(N)}

. Furthermore, we define a new privacy protection problem, i.e., Privacy-preserving Condition Query (PCQ), and provide an efficient solution to the PCQ problem based on the proposed quantum PSI-CA protocol. Finally, we verify the correctness and the feasibility of the proposed quantum PSI-CA protocol by circuit simulations in IBM Qiskit.

Threshold private set intersection (TPSI) allows parties to reveal their intersection only when its cardinality reaches a prescribed threshold. Existing quantum TPSI protocols typically rely on a third party (TP) to interpret the final results, which deviates from the cardinality-testing paradigm of TPSI. In this paper, we propose a quantum multiparty TPSI protocol with explicit cardinality testing. Our protocol develops a rotation-based quantum construction in which single-photon sequences are sequentially processed through participant-side data rotations, TP--participant masking rotations, and correlated aggregate rotations. This design produces hidden-label measurement vectors: TP can complete the final measurement, but cannot interpret the semantic meaning of the outcomes. Based on these hidden measurements, we further realize the threshold decision through an oblivious linear evaluation (OLE)-based inner product procedure and a lightweight garbled circuit, revealing only

\mathbf 1[|\bigcap_i X_i|\ge τ]

before conditional intersection reconstruction. We prove the correctness and security of the proposed protocol, and further validate its feasibility through quantum-circuit simulations implemented on the IBM \textsf{Qiskit} platform.

Private Set Intersection Cardinality that enable Multi-party to privately compute the cardinality of the set intersection without disclosing their own information. It is equivalent to a secure, distributed database query and has many practical applications in privacy preserving and data sharing. In this paper, we propose a novel quantum private set intersection cardinality based on Bloom filter, which can resist the quantum attack. It is a completely novel constructive protocol for computing the intersection cardinality by using Bloom filter. The protocol uses single photons, so it only need to do some simple single-photon operations and tests. Thus it is more likely to realize through the present technologies. The validity of the protocol is verified by comparing with other protocols. The protocol implements privacy protection without increasing the computational complexity and communication complexity, which are independent with data scale. Therefore, the protocol has a good prospects in dealing with big data, privacy-protection and information-sharing, such as the patient contact for COVID-19.