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IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

Investigation on the Effects of Microvibration on the Atomic Comagnetometer

Chang Liu, Kai Wei, Zitong Xu, Yichao Tian, Chencheng Tang, Di Gong, Xinda Song, Yueyang Zhai

Published Jan 1, 2023• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Precision measurements utilizing atomic spins are widely used in fundamental physics research, inertial sensing, biomagnetism, and the generation of standard quantities. These precision measurements based on quantum sensors have long been disturbed by micro-vibration. In this work, we study the influence of micro-vibration on spin ensembles and perform the experiment on atomic comagnetometer for the first time, which is a powerful tool for search for dark matter and new force, as well as inertial navigation. The model of the effects of micro-vibration on the atomic comagnetometer is established, which considers the transfer characteristics of micro-vibration and the response characteristics of the atomic spin ensembles to the vibration. Moreover, we develop a vibration isolation system, which is a combination of air-floating passive vibration isolators and active feedback systems, to suppress the influence of micro-vibration. Based on the established model and the vibration isolator, we achieve an ultrahigh sensitive comagnetometer, which is among the most sensitive comagnetometer. This work is of wide interest in precision measurement based on quantum sensors and could pave the way for the design of combined vibration isolation systems for such experiments to further improve the sensitivity.

DOI
10.1109/tim.2023.3289532

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Precision measurements utilizing atomic spins are widely used in fundamental physics research, inertial sensing, biomagnetism, and the generation of standard quantities. These precision measurements based on quantum sensors have long been disturbed by micro-vibration. In this work, we study the influence of micro-vibration on spin ensembles and perform the experiment on atomic comagnetometer for the first time, which is a powerful tool for search for dark matter and new force, as well as inertial navigation. The model of the effects of micro-vibration on the atomic comagnetometer is established, which considers the transfer characteristics of micro-vibration and the response characteristics of the atomic spin ensembles to the vibration. Moreover, we develop a vibration isolation system, which is a combination of air-floating passive vibration isolators and active feedback systems, to suppress the influence of micro-vibration. Based on the established model and the vibration isolator, we achieve an ultrahigh sensitive comagnetometer, which is among the most sensitive comagnetometer. This work is of wide interest in precision measurement based on quantum sensors and could pave the way for the design of combined vibration isolation systems for such experiments to further improve the sensitivity.
Atomic spin sensors are essential for beyond-the-standard-model exploration, biomagnetic measurement, and quantum navigation. While the traditional DC mode spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) comagnetometer achieves ultrahigh sensitivity, further improvements require suppressing technical noise and surpassing standard quantum limit. In this work, we develop a K-Rb- 21 Ne SERF atomic comagnetometer that dynamically polarizes the electron and nuclear spins, shielding signals from direct interference by pump light. We establish a three-phase evolutionary model for hybrid spin ensemble dynamics, yielding a complete analytical solution, and analyze the responses to various spin perturbations. Additionally, we achieve an average 39% suppression of the polarization noise and identify the key factors that limit sensitivity improvements. The dynamically polarized comagnetometer exhibits effective suppression of technical noise and holds the potential to overcome quantum noise limit while offering promising applications in exploring new physics and precise magnetic field measurements.
Atomic spin sensors are essential for beyond-the-standard-model exploration, biomagnetic measurement, and quantum navigation. While the traditional DC mode spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) comagnetometer achieves ultrahigh sensitivity, further improvements require suppressing technical noise and surpassing standard quantum limit. In this work, we develop a K-Rb-21^{21}21Ne SERF atomic comagnetometer that dynamically polarizes the electron and nuclear spins, shielding signals from direct interference by pump light. We establish a three-phase evolutionary model for hybrid spin ensemble dynamics, yielding a complete analytical solution, and analyze the responses to various spin perturbations. Additionally, we achieve an averaged 38.5 %\%% suppression of the polarization noise and identify the key factors that limit sensitivity improvements. The dynamically polarized comagnetometer exhibits effective suppression of technical noise and holds the potential to overcome quantum noise limit, while offering promising applications in exploring new physics and precise magnetic field measurements.
Ultrasensitive atomic comagnetometers (ACMs) are invaluable tools for both inertial measurement and fundamental physics research. However, the misalignment between the pump light and the main magnetic field affects the polarization characteristics of nuclear spins of the noble gas atoms, making it a significant source of noise. In this article, an atomic magnetometer response model with the optical-magnetic misalignment error is established, and the mechanism of the influence of optical-magnetic misalignment on nuclear spin polarization is analyzed. An in situ evaluation method and a suppression method of optical-magnetic misalignment error are proposed, and their effectiveness is verified through experiments with varying pump light incidence directions. The experimental results indicate that after optical-magnetic alignment using the proposed method, the spin polarization of the coupled atomic ensemble is enhanced by 20.7%, and the longitudinal relaxation rate of the nuclear spin is reduced by 6.9%. Additionally, the amplitude-frequency response (AFR) of the x-axis magnetic field is reduced by 33.2% at 1 Hz and by 53.1% at frequencies below 0.002 Hz. This indicates an improvement in the transverse magnetic field error suppression capability of the ACMs.
In recent years, developments in quantum sensing, laser, and atomic sensor technologies have also enabled advancement in the field of quantum navigation. Atomic-based gyroscopes have emerged as one of the most critical atomic sensors in this respect. In this review, a brief technology statement of spin exchange relaxation free (SERF) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) type atomic comagnetometer gyroscope (CG) is presented. Related studies in the literature have been gathered, and the fundamental compositions of CGs with technical basics are presented. A comparison of SERF and NMR CGs is provided. A basic simulation of SERF CG was carried out because of its high theoretic bias stability limit. Besides, some highly critical challenges for CGs were examined and reported with compensation methods. The objective of this review is to offer a guide for researchers to develop high-precision atomic gyroscopes and to encourage further research.
Precision measurements of anomalous spin-dependent interactions are often hindered by magnetic noise and other magnetic systematic effects. Atomic comagnetometers use the distinct spin precession of two species and have emerged as important tools for effectively mitigating the magnetic noise. Nevertheless, the operation of existing comagnetometers is limited to very low-frequency noise commonly below 1 Hz. Here, we report a new type of atomic comagnetometer based on a magnetic noise self-compensation mechanism originating from the destructive interference between alkali-metal and noble-gas spins. Our comagnetometer employing K-^{3}He system remarkably suppresses magnetic noise exceeding 2 orders of magnitude at higher frequencies up to 160 Hz. Moreover, we discover that the capability of our comagnetometer to suppress magnetic noise is spatially dependent on the orientation of the noise and can be conveniently controlled by adjusting the applied bias magnetic field. Our findings open up new possibilities for precision measurements, including enhancing the search sensitivity of spin-dark matter particles interactions into unexplored parameter space.
Summary form only given. A collaboration between European research groups is developing novel atomic inertial quantum sensors based on matter-wave optics and Raman interferometry. For this purpose we are implementing a gravimeter and a gyroscope using ultra cold atoms as test masses. Inertial quantum sensors could represent a new tool for the precise detection of faint forces and tiny rotations. According to the principle of these sensors, the measured physical quantity will be converted into a frequency, which can be measured with highest accuracy. The items of atom interferometry will range from fundamental physical tests to many practical applications such as: local gravity measurements, allowing a precise underground mapping, and space navigation. In this contest the main goal is to realize modular and portable systems.