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Advanced Quantum Technologies

Classical Emulation of Bright Quantum States

Svetlana V. Vlasenko, Alexander B. Mikhalychev, Samaneh Pakniyat, George W. Hanson, Amir Boag, Gregory Ya. Slepyan, Dmitri S. Mogilevtsev

Published Jun 7, 2023• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The way to emulate classically a number of fundamental quantum mechanical experiments is shown, such as Hong‐Ou‐Mandel interference, phase measurements with NOON states and specifically structured “revivals” in Jaynes‐Cummings model using coherent states with large number of photons. It is also shown that certain classes of bright non‐classical states can be efficiently emulated by our technique independently of the average photon number of these states.

DOI
10.1002/qute.202300060

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Abstract The way to emulate classically a number of fundamental quantum mechanical experiments is shown, such as Hong‐Ou‐Mandel interference, phase measurements with NOON states and specifically structured “revivals” in Jaynes‐Cummings model using coherent states with large number of photons. It is also shown that certain classes of bright non‐classical states can be efficiently emulated by our technique independently of the average photon number of these states.
We propose a methodology to emulate quantum phenomena arising from any nonclassical quantum state using only a finite set of mixtures of coherent states. This allows us to successfully reproduce well-known quantum effects using resources that can be much more feasibly generated in the laboratory. We present a simple procedure to experimentally carry out quantum-state emulation with coherent states, illustrate it emulating multiphoton NOON states with few phase-averaged coherent states, and demonstrate its capabilities in observing fundamental quantum mechanical effects, such as the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect, violating Bell inequalities and witnessing quantum nonclassicality.
We propose a classical emulation methodology to emulate quantum phenomena arising from any non-classical quantum state using only a finite set of coherent states or their statistical mixtures. This allows us to successfully reproduce well-known quantum effects using resources that can be much more feasibly generated in the laboratory. We present a simple procedure to experimentally carry out quantum-state emulation with coherent states that also applies to any general set of classical states that are easier to generate, and demonstrate its capabilities in observing the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect, violating Bell inequalities and witnessing quantum non-classicality.
We propose a classical emulation methodology to emulate quantum phenomena arising from any non-classical quantum state using only a finite set of coherent states or their statistical mixtures. This allows us to successfully reproduce well-known quantum effects using resources that can be much more feasibly generated in the laboratory. Our results shed new light on an alternative operational meaning to non-classicality. We present a simple procedure to experimentally carry out quantum-state emulation with coherent states that also applies to any general set of classical states that are easier to generate, and demonstrate its capabilities in observing the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect, violating Bell inequalities and witnessing quantum non-classicality.
Interference phenomena, such as those observed in Young’s double-slit experiment, are foundational to quantum mechanics, yet their interpretation continues to spark debate. Villas-Boas et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 133603 (2025)] propose a quantum-optical framework attributing non-detection in regions of destructive interference to photons occupying ``perfectly dark'' states, which they claim do not interact with a two-level atom sensor due to vanishing coupling in the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian. We argue that this interpretation is fundamentally flawed. Dark states, such as the out-of-phase coherent state ∣α,−α⟩ |\alpha, -\alpha\rangle ∣α,−α⟩, are readily detectable in alternative experimental setups, including dispersive coupling in cavity QED and photon-counting detectors like photomultiplier tubes or avalanche photodiodes, which are sensitive to the photon number operator. This detectability undermines the assertion that dark states are the intrinsic cause of non-detection in destructive interference regions. Instead, the quantum mechanical superposition principle, combined with the Born rule, fully accounts for interference patterns across all detection schemes, as evidenced by well-established experiments such as single-photon double-slit interference, Hong-Ou-Mandel two-photon interference, and cavity QED measurements. By overgeneralizing a detector-specific effect, the dark-state framework introduces an unnecessary and redundant construct, as the standard quantum mechanical formalism already provides a complete and experimentally validated explanation of interference phenomena.
ABSTRACT We report an experimental demonstration of room‐temperature Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) interference at a radio‐wave frequency of 120 MHz using single‐photon states built from phase‐averaged coherent states by the emulation procedure proposed in the recent work. This emulation approach enables observation of quantum effects in spectral regimes where conventional single‐photon sources and detectors are unavailable or require cryogenic conditions. By constructing a high‐fidelity approximation of a single‐photon state with phase‐averaged coherent states, we observe the normalized second‐order intensity correlation dips significantly below the classical limit of 0.5. The method allows for tunable noise suppression via optimization of the state representation. Our results establish the feasibility of using conditionally prepared classical states to simulate quantum interference phenomena in the radio‐frequency domain.
Abstract The Jaynes-Cummings (JC) model is presented based on quantized counterpropagating waves, characteristic of a ring resonator. This model, in addition to the Hamiltonian and the operator of the number of excitations, includes an interference operator whose eigenvalues imitate the term cos 2kz of the classical picture of the field. The average number of photons, dispersion, the Mandel parameter Q, and atomic-photon entanglement in states with certain excitations are considered. The collapses and revivals are revealed, which in the standard JC model are present only in states with an indefinite number of excitations. It is shown that photons at the boundary energy levels are antibunched (with Q ≈ –1/2) regardless of the system’s parameters, and photons of other energy levels are grouped to the degree that grows with the total number of photons.