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Classical emulation of quantum states with coherent mixtures

Alexander B. Mikhalychev, Yong Siah Teo, Hyunseok Jeong, André Stefanov, Dmitri S. Mogilevtsev

Published Apr 30, 2021• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We propose a classical emulation methodology to emulate quantum phenomena arising from any non-classical quantum state using only a finite set of coherent states or their statistical mixtures. This allows us to successfully reproduce well-known quantum effects using resources that can be much more feasibly generated in the laboratory. We present a simple procedure to experimentally carry out quantum-state emulation with coherent states that also applies to any general set of classical states that are easier to generate, and demonstrate its capabilities in observing the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect, violating Bell inequalities and witnessing quantum non-classicality.

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We propose a classical emulation methodology to emulate quantum phenomena arising from any non-classical quantum state using only a finite set of coherent states or their statistical mixtures. This allows us to successfully reproduce well-known quantum effects using resources that can be much more feasibly generated in the laboratory. We present a simple procedure to experimentally carry out quantum-state emulation with coherent states that also applies to any general set of classical states that are easier to generate, and demonstrate its capabilities in observing the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect, violating Bell inequalities and witnessing quantum non-classicality.
We propose a classical emulation methodology to emulate quantum phenomena arising from any non-classical quantum state using only a finite set of coherent states or their statistical mixtures. This allows us to successfully reproduce well-known quantum effects using resources that can be much more feasibly generated in the laboratory. Our results shed new light on an alternative operational meaning to non-classicality. We present a simple procedure to experimentally carry out quantum-state emulation with coherent states that also applies to any general set of classical states that are easier to generate, and demonstrate its capabilities in observing the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect, violating Bell inequalities and witnessing quantum non-classicality.
We propose a methodology to emulate quantum phenomena arising from any nonclassical quantum state using only a finite set of mixtures of coherent states. This allows us to successfully reproduce well-known quantum effects using resources that can be much more feasibly generated in the laboratory. We present a simple procedure to experimentally carry out quantum-state emulation with coherent states, illustrate it emulating multiphoton NOON states with few phase-averaged coherent states, and demonstrate its capabilities in observing fundamental quantum mechanical effects, such as the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect, violating Bell inequalities and witnessing quantum nonclassicality.
We report an experimental demonstration of room-temperature Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference at a radio-wave frequency of 120 MHz using conditional build-up of quantum states from classical phase-averaged coherent states. This approach enables observation of quantum effects in spectral regimes where conventional single-photon sources and detectors are unavailable or require cryogenic conditions. By constructing a high-fidelity approximation of a single-photon state with phase-averaged coherent states, we observe the normalized second-order intensity correlation dips significantly below the classical limit of 0.5. The method allows for tunable noise suppression via optimization of the state representation. Our results establish the feasibility of using conditionally prepared classical states to simulate quantum interference phenomena in the radio-frequency domain. This technique opens the door to realizing other quantum protocols, such as Bell inequality tests, in frequency ranges where standard quantum technologies are currently infeasible.
ABSTRACT We report an experimental demonstration of room‐temperature Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) interference at a radio‐wave frequency of 120 MHz using single‐photon states built from phase‐averaged coherent states by the emulation procedure proposed in the recent work. This emulation approach enables observation of quantum effects in spectral regimes where conventional single‐photon sources and detectors are unavailable or require cryogenic conditions. By constructing a high‐fidelity approximation of a single‐photon state with phase‐averaged coherent states, we observe the normalized second‐order intensity correlation dips significantly below the classical limit of 0.5. The method allows for tunable noise suppression via optimization of the state representation. Our results establish the feasibility of using conditionally prepared classical states to simulate quantum interference phenomena in the radio‐frequency domain.
A classical state-preparation device cannot generate states in relative superposition. We introduce classical models in which devices that are individually unable to generate states with relative superposition can be stochastically coordinated to simulate sets of quantum states. These models have natural operational interpretation in prepare-and-measure scenarios and they can account for many non-commuting quantum state sets. We develop systematic methods both for classically simulating quantum sets and for showing that no such simulation exists, thereby certifying quantum coherence. In particular, we determine the exact noise rates required to classically simulate the entire state space of quantum theory. We also reveal connections between the operational classicality of sets and the well-known fundamental concepts of joint measurability and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering. Here, we present an avenue to understand how and to what extent quantum states defy generic models based on classical devices, which also has relevant implications for quantum information applications.