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Optics Letters

Theoretical investigation of pure-state single-photon and large-bandwidth-correlation biphoton generation from micro/nanofiber

Chuan Qu, Shenghai Zhang, Xiaoxiao Li, Yuanfei Ma, Bin Yin, Tao Yang, Zhengtogn Wei

Published May 3, 2023• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Pure-state single photons and large-bandwidth-correlation biphotons are fundamental resources for quantum information processing. The dispersion properties of micro/nanofiber (MNF) can be tailored by carefully choosing its diameter, resulting in a flexibly tailored biphoton spectrum. We theoretically investigate pure-state single photons and large-bandwidth-correlation biphotons produced by degenerate spontaneous four-wave mixing in MNF. In our simulation, a single-photon state with a purity of 99% will be theoretically attained by choosing the appropriate pump bandwidth and center wavelength with respect to the diameter and length of the MNF. Further, when an appropriate diameter with a negligible curvature at the zero dispersion wavelength is chosen, even a narrow pump bandwidth is capable of motivating remarkably broadband correlation biphotons, e.g., for a MNF diameter of 0.7 μm, the theoretical full width at half maximum is 473 nm. In practice, the application of a MNF-based quantum light source is dependent on the technologies that precisely control and measure the diameter. Our theoretical investigation will guide the experimental realization of high-quality quantum light sources based on MNF.

DOI
10.1364/ol.479719

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Pure-state single photons and large-bandwidth-correlation biphotons are fundamental resources for quantum information processing. The dispersion properties of micro/nanofiber (MNF) can be tailored by carefully choosing its diameter, resulting in a flexibly tailored biphoton spectrum. We theoretically investigate pure-state single photons and large-bandwidth-correlation biphotons produced by degenerate spontaneous four-wave mixing in MNF. In our simulation, a single-photon state with a purity of 99% will be theoretically attained by choosing the appropriate pump bandwidth and center wavelength with respect to the diameter and length of the MNF. Further, when an appropriate diameter with a negligible curvature at the zero dispersion wavelength is chosen, even a narrow pump bandwidth is capable of motivating remarkably broadband correlation biphotons, e.g., for a MNF diameter of 0.7 μm, the theoretical full width at half maximum is 473 nm. In practice, the application of a MNF-based quantum light source is dependent on the technologies that precisely control and measure the diameter. Our theoretical investigation will guide the experimental realization of high-quality quantum light sources based on MNF.
Based on the spontaneous four wave mixing in micro/nano-fiber (MNF), we report the generation of quantum-correlated photon pairs. The wavelengths of the signal and idler photons are in the 1310 nm and 851 nm bands, respectively. The measured ratio between the coincidence and accidental coincidence rates of signal and idler photons is up to 530. Moreover, we characterize the spectral property of the signal photons in the wavelength range of 1270-1610 nm. The results reveal that the bandwidth of the photon pairs is much greater than the theoretically expected value due to the inhomogeneity of the MNF; while the spectrum of Raman scattering in MNF is different from that in conventional optical fibers and photonic crystal fibers, which may originate from the heating used for fabricating the MNF. Our investigation shows that the MNF is a promising candidate for developing the sources of quantum light in micro- or nanometer-scales, and the spectral property of photon pairs can be used to non-invasively test the diameter and homogeneity of the MNF.
The development of quantum photonic information technology demands high-quality photon sources. Here we demonstrate a low-noise and high-speed photon source generated by the spontaneous four-wave mixing process in a micro/nanofiber (MNF). The pair generation in a MNF is tailorable by controlling its diameter and designed for creating signal and idler photons in the silicon-based detector wavelength range, yielding high detection efficiency and coincidence count rate. This MNF photon source can be coupled to other fiber systems with negligible coupling loss and can be efficiently exploited as fiber-based quantum light sources for quantum information applications.
Subwavelength optical micro/nanofibers have been widely used as basic building blocks in the field of quantum sensing and quantum light source by virtue of their properties which include pronounced evanescent field, large surface area, and small optical mode area. This paper presents theoretical studies on the propagation properties of the guided optical wave and the spectral properties of entangled photons from spontaneous four-wave mixing in micro/nanofibers. We first analyze numerically single-mode propagation, field distribution, fraction of power, and group-velocity-dispersions by solving Maxwell’s equations with boundary conditions in cylindrical coordinates. Then, optical wave guiding properties of micro/nanofibers are applied to estimate the spectral properties such as central wavelengths and bandwidths of the created photons via spontaneous four-wave mixing that can be tailored by controlling diameter and length of micro/nanofibers. This theoretical work provides useful guidelines to design micro/nanofiber-based quantum sensing and quantum light sources for quantum technologies.
A theory of single-photon sources of light is developed on the basis of spontaneous four-wave mixing in optical nanofibers. The spectral amplitude of the biphoton field is calculated with allowance for the real geometry of a nanofiber manufactured from standard optical fiber by heating and stretching. It is shown that by selecting pump parameters, we can simultaneously obtain the high spectral brightness and low frequency correlation of generated biphoton states in a nondegenerate mode of four-wave mixing that corresponds to single-photon states with the high purity.
Spectrally uncorrelated biphotons are the essential resources for achieving various quantum information processing protocols. We theoretically investigate the generation of spectrally uncorrelated biphotons emitted by spontaneous four-wave mixing from a fiber nonlinear interferometer which consists of an N-stage nonlinear gain fiber and an (N-1)-stage dispersion modulation fiber. The output biphoton states of nonlinear interference are the coherent superposition of various biphoton states born in each nonlinear fiber, and thus the interference fringe will reshape the biphoton joint spectra. As a result, resorting to Taylor expansion to first order for phase mismatching, we theoretically verify that the orientation of phase matching contours will rotate in a specific way with only varying the length of dispersion modulation fiber. The rotation in orientation of phase matching contours may result in spectrally uncorrelated biphotons and even arbitrary correlation biphotons. Further, we choose micro/nanofiber as the nonlinear gain fiber and single-mode communication fiber as dispersion modulation fiber to numerically simulate the generation of spectrally uncorrelated biphotons from spontaneous fourwave mixing. Here, due to significant frequency detuning (hundreds of THz), Raman background noise can be considerably suppressed, even at room temperature, and photons with largely tunable wavelengths can be achieved, indicating a practicability in many quantum fields. A photon mode purity of 97.2% will be theoretically attained without weakening the heralding nature of biphoton sources. We think that this fiber nonlinear interference with the flexibly engineered quantum state can be an excellent practical source for quantum information processing.
We study the generation of correlated photon pairs via spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in a 15 cm long micro/nano-fiber (MNF). The MNF is properly fabricated to satisfy the phase-matching condition for generating the signal and idler photon pairs at wavelengths of about 1310 and 851 nm, respectively. Photon-counting measurements yield a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 530 for a photon production rate of about 0.002 (0.0005) per pulse in the signal (idler) band. We also analyze the spectral information of the signal photons originating from SFWM and Raman scattering (RS). In addition to discovering some unique features of RS, we find the bandwidth of the individual signal photons is much greater than the calculated value for the MNF with homogeneous structure. Our investigations indicate the MNF is a promising candidate for developing the sources of nonclassical light and the spectral property of photon pairs can be used to noninvasively test the diameter and homogeneity of the MNF.