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Journal of Modern Physics

The Essence of Microscopic Particles and Quantum Theory

Xiang-Yao Wu, Ben-Shan Wu, Qiming Wu, Hong Li

Published Jan 1, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In the paper, we have given the quantum equation of the gravitational field intensity Eg (r, t) and electric field intensity E (r, t) for the material particles, since the gravitational field intensity Eg (r, t) and electric field intensity E (r, t) is in direct proportion to the distribution function ψ (r, t) of particle spatial position (wave function), these quantum equations are natural converted into the Schrodinger equation. In addition, we have proposed the new model about the photon and matter particles. For all particles, they are not point particles, but they have a very small volume. The photon has a vibration electric field in its very small volume. The neutral material particle, such as neutron, it has a vibration gravitational field in its very small volume. For the charge material particles, such as electron and proton, they have both vibration gravitational field and vibration electric field in their very small volume. With the model, we can explain the diffraction and interference of single slit and multiple-slit for the single photon and material particles, the volatility of all particles come from the superposition of their respective vibration field. After the vibration field of particle superposition, it shows up as a particle property. On this basis, We have obtained some new results, and realized the unification of both wave and particle and field and matter.

DOI
10.4236/jmp.2023.145043

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In the paper, we have given the quantum equation of the gravitational field intensity Eg (r, t) and electric field intensity E (r, t) for the material particles, since the gravitational field intensity Eg (r, t) and electric field intensity E (r, t) is in direct proportion to the distribution function ψ (r, t) of particle spatial position (wave function), these quantum equations are natural converted into the Schrodinger equation. In addition, we have proposed the new model about the photon and matter particles. For all particles, they are not point particles, but they have a very small volume. The photon has a vibration electric field in its very small volume. The neutral material particle, such as neutron, it has a vibration gravitational field in its very small volume. For the charge material particles, such as electron and proton, they have both vibration gravitational field and vibration electric field in their very small volume. With the model, we can explain the diffraction and interference of single slit and multiple-slit for the single photon and material particles, the volatility of all particles come from the superposition of their respective vibration field. After the vibration field of particle superposition, it shows up as a particle property. On this basis, We have obtained some new results, and realized the unification of both wave and particle and field and matter.
According to De Broglie's idea of analogy, the relation between quantum mechanics and classical mechanics is similar to that between wave optics and geometric optics, we have given the quantum equation of the gravitational field intensity Eg(r⃗,t)E_g(\vec{r},t)Eg​(r,t) for matter particles, since the gravitational field intensity Eg(r⃗,t)E_g(\vec{r},t)Eg​(r,t) relatives to the particle position distribution function ψ(r⃗,t)ψ(\vec{r},t)ψ(r,t), the quantum equation convert into the Schrodinger equation. In addition, we have further studied the essence and origin of quantum theory, and obtained some new results.
Chapter 3 provides a brief review of a few concepts from classical Newtonian physics, and how this fails to explain phenomena at the nanoscopic scale. As is detailed within, the classical mechanical model is able to describe all observed physical phenomena; however, when it comes to the nanoscale this model breaks down, because the properties of the materials change dramatically. At this scale, the surface-to-volume ratio increases, gravitational forces become negligible and random molecular motion becomes more important. This changes the properties of the material and affects the devices that are fabricated at this scale. It is hence necessary to develop a new model that can explain such physical phenomena. This has led to a new branch of physics, i.e. quantum physics (QP) or quantum mechanics, which is able to explain the behavior observed at nanoscale. QP enables us to explain phenomena such as the photoelectric effect, Compton effect. etc. In this chapter, we introduce quantum mechanics and how it evolved in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Further, light’s behaviour as a particle as well as a wave is described by the photoelectric effect and Young’s double-slit experiment, respectively. Further, the dual nature of the particle is explained using the de Broglie principle. Schrodinger’s equation is then explained, which gives the probability of finding a subatomic-scale particle at a certain position in a quantum well. In addition to the formulation of Schrodinger’s equation, its solution, the concept of a potential well, the characteristics of the wave function and its interpretation and significance, and, finally, the application of Schrodinger’s equation in the structure of an atom form subsequent parts of this chapter. The equation serves as a basis with which to understand band theory. Band theory explains the difference between conductors, insulators and semiconductors. Materials are distinguished according to the differences in their band gaps. Adding impurities or varying temperature changes the band gap in semiconductors, which consequently changes the properties of the semiconductor and its electrical conduction. One more important measure to understand and exploit the properties and behaviour of materials is Fermi–Dirac statistics. It is useful to acquire the probability of electrons at a given energy level at a specific temperature. These concepts can be utilised by physicists and chip makers to make more energy-efficient devices. Hence, this chapter details the fundamentals of quantum physics and how they relate to the electrical properties of nanodevices.
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Interference and diffraction phenomena are the basic properties shown by waves. De-Broglie concept of matter waves brought in the extended version of wave properties of material particles. Wave properties of quantum particles are important to understand various phenomena in physics. Matter waves are a core part of quantum theory. Now wave-particle duality is exploited for many applications such as imaging microscopic particles using electron microscopes etc. Here we deduce the interference and diffraction of quantum particles on the basis of the propagation amplitude according to the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics. The intensity distribution due to interference and diffraction of quantum particles are compared with those obtained from the formal methods. The results agree with the traditional approach assuming a deBroglie wave associated with particles.
The traditional theory of waveparticle duality holds that microscopic particles are both particles and waves. This view arises from the limitations of early experimental techniques, which equate the statistical wavelike behavior of a large number of particles directly with the essential properties of individual particles, leading to problems such as logical inconsistency and vague physical pictures. Based on the experimental facts of modern singleparticle emission and fundamental physical logic, combined with the real physical effects of doubleslit structures, this paper proposes a new interpretation: the essential nature of microscopic particles is always particle, not wave; the observed wavelike property originates from the inherent, continuous, and omnidirectional tiny vibrations of particles themselves; the significant range of doubleslit interference fringes results from the combined action of particle inherent vibration and slitwall collision scattering. Changing the slit walls to fully absorbing materials can eliminate scattering interference and verify the above mechanism. This paper reconstructs the essential nature of waveparticle phenomena with concise and selfconsistent logic, providing a more intuitive and unified new idea for understanding the microscopic world.
A solution to the Schrödinger equation completely mapped to the microlevel of the matter is obtained.The solution allows mathematically to ground the phenomenon of formation of the elementary antiparticles, emergence of the elementary particles from the vacuum at a high electric field intensity, to create a model of wave-particle duality and obtain a model of a gravitational wave.To obtain a model of antiparticles, a model of the emergence of elementary particles from a physical vacuum at a high electric field strength, a model of wave-particle duality, as well as a model of a gravitational wave, and a solution of the non-stationary Schrödinger equation is given.In order to obtain a solution to the non-stationary Schrödinger equation, the values that are in the real area are transferred to the imaginary area.This is achieved by jointly solving the equations of stochastic mechanics and the ARG function introduced by the author.A steady-state solution of the Rikkati-type equation written for imaginary dispersion is obtained.The steady-state solution of this equation at a constant value of the potential field makes it possible to obtain the models listed above.