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Journal of Physics Condensed Matter

Two ground-state bright solitons in fractional-order spin–orbit-coupled Bose–Einstein condensates

Y Y Bao, S R Li, Y H Liu, T. F. Xu

Published Apr 27, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We study two types of bright solitons in zero and non-zero detuning spin-orbit-coupled (SOC) Bose-Einstein condensates in fractional effect by variational and imaginary-time evolution method. The results show that the variation of SOC with fractional kinetic energy operator affects the existence and form of solitons. In particular, we found that SOC strengthγ=1.0could be a transition point. In other words, forγ<1.0andγ⩾1.0, the soliton states and pseudo-spin polarization in non-zero detuning show opposite changes. In addition, moving bright solitons with zero and non-zero detuning are studied.

DOI
10.1088/1361-648x/acd0f9

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We study two types of bright solitons in an attractive Bose–Einstein condensate with a spin–orbit interaction. By solving the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations with the variational method and the imaginary time evolution method, fundamental properties of solitons are carefully investigated in different parameter regimes. It is shown that the detuning between the Raman beam and energy states of the atoms dominates the ground state type and spin polarization strength. The soliton dynamics is also studied for various moving velocities for zero and nonzero detuning cases. We find that the shape of individual component solitons can be maintained when the moving speed of solitons is low and the detuning is small in the coupled harmonically trapped pseudo-spin polarization Bose–Einstein condensate.
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We study a two-dimensional spin-orbit-coupled dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate with repulsive contact interactions by both the variational method and the imaginary-time evolution of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The dipoles are completely polarized along one direction in the two-dimensional plane to provide an effective attractive dipole-dipole interaction. We find two types of solitons as the ground states arising from such attractive dipole-dipole interactions: a plane-wave soliton with a spatially varying phase and a stripe soliton with a spatially oscillating density for each component. Both types of solitons possess smaller size and higher anisotropy than the soliton without spin-orbit coupling. Finally, we discuss the properties of moving solitons, which are nontrivial because of the violation of Galilean invariance.
Properties of the ground-state solitons, which exist in the spin–orbit coupling (SOC) Bose–Einstein condensates (BEC) in the presence of optical lattices, are presented. Results show that several system parameters, such as SOC strength, lattice depth, and lattice frequency, have important influences on properties of ground state solitons in SOC BEC. By controlling these parameters, structure and spin polarization of the ground-state solitons can be effectively tuned, so manipulation of atoms may be realized.
We theoretically investigate the dynamics of polar bright soliton under the influence of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in spin-1 three component Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Periodically oscillating dark-bright-dark solitons are found to be induced by the SOC with their multifrequency oscillations jointly determined by the interparticle nonlinear interaction and the SOC strength. Explicit formulas are provided to identify these frequencies, which are in good agreement with the numerical simulation results. A linear Zeeman interaction is further introduced to break the time-reversal symmetry and change the polarity of the spinor BECs, which results in the periodic transition of the system from polar state to ferromagnetic state.