Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

IET Optoelectronics

Enhanced secrecy outage probability for multiple‐input single‐output‐VLC systems through optical beamforming and improved light emitting diodes deployment

Mahmoud Mohammadi, Seyed Mohammad Sajad Sadough, Zabih F. Ghassemlooy

Published Apr 21, 2023• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The authors propose to arrange the light emitting diodes (LEDs) on the ceiling for an indoor visible light communication system in order to minimise the secrecy outage probability (SOP) at the location of the legitimate user (LU). More precisely, by deriving the secrecy capacity for a multiple‐input single‐output‐VLC system, we evaluate the SOP at the LU's location which is used as the appropriate metric to determine the position of the LEDs on the ceiling. To mitigate the effect of the eavesdropper, we derive the optimal beamforming coefficients which are used at the transmitter LED array with the aim of maximising the signal‐to‐noise ratio at the LU. Simulation results show that for a SOP of 10 −4 , the proposed SOP‐based LED arrangement with optimal beamforming offers up to 3 dB gain in transmit power compared to the classical uniform LED arrangement with sub‐optimal zero‐forcing beamforming. Moreover, they show that by using the proposed method, the SOP is kept below a desired threshold, over a wider area inside the indoor environment compared to classical methods.

DOI
10.1049/ote2.12091

Related papers

Physical Layer Security Enhancement in VLC Using Zero-Forcing Beamforming and Optimized LED Placement

Mahmoud Mohammadi, Seyed Mohammad Sajad Sadough, Zabih F. Ghassemlooy

In this paper, we address the secure data transmission through visible light communication (VLC) using physical layer security (PLS) techniques and particularly, optical beamforming with the zero-forcing algorithm. More precisely, we consider the secrecy capacity of classical multiple-input single-output VLC so that the system can deal with eavesdroppers by minimizing the secrecy outage probability (SOP). The considered wireless channel is modeled by the Gaussian distribution, which is subject to amplitude constraints. We quantity the achievable secrecy capacity and SOP for the conventional line-of-sight VLC link and show that how the beamforming can determine the optimal placement of the transmitters. We also show that for a given SOP, the proposed optimal placement offers a signal-to-noise ratio gain of up to 6 dB compared to classical methods such as uniform placement of the transmitters. Our numerical results indicate that the proposed optimal LED arrangement can achieve an SOP of $10^{-10}$ while the SOP with uniform arrangement is equal to $10^{-4}$.

International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP)•Jul 20, 2022•5 citations

Securing Visible Light Communication Systems by Beamforming in the Presence of Randomly Distributed Eavesdroppers

Sunghwan Cho, Gaojie Chen, Justin P. Coon

This paper considers secrecy enhancement mechanisms in visible light communication (VLC) systems with spatially distributed passive eavesdroppers (EDs) under the assumption that there are multiple LED transmitters and one legitimate user equipment. Based on certain amplitude constraints, we propose a beamforming scheme to improve secrecy performance. Contrary to the case where null-steering is made possible by using knowledge of the ED locations, the proposed beamforming when only statistical information about ED locations is available directs the transmission along a particular eigenmode related to the intensity of the ED process and the intended channel. Then, a LED selection scheme that is less complicated than beamforming is provided to reduce the secrecy outage probability (SOP). An approximate closed-form for the SOP is derived by using secrecy rate bounds. All the analysis is numerically verified by Monte-Carlo simulations. The analysis shows that the beamformer yields superior performance to LED selection. However, LED selection is still a highly efficient alternative scheme due to the complexity associated with the use of multiple transmitters in the full beamforming approach. These performance trends and exact relations between system parameters can be used to develop a secure VLC system in the presence of randomly distributed EDs.

arXiv:1707.06943•IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications•Feb 23, 2018•79 citations

Secure information broadcasting analysis in an indoor VLC system with imperfect CSI

Ambrish, Parul Garg, Prabhat Kumar Sharma +1 more

Abstract In this paper, the physical layer security of an indoor visible light communication system, that consists of two transmission light‐emitting diodes to broadcast the information towards the legitimate user, is investigated. Further, a secure LED selection scheme is proposed to select an LED that can perform secure information broadcasting, in the presence of an active and/or passive eavesdropper. The probability of secure information broadcasting is obtained in terms of the positive secrecy rate which is defined under the constraints of known or unknown imperfect channel state information of both legitimate and eavesdropping links. The channel state information (CSI) knowledge of each transmitting link is estimated with the use of a minimum mean square error technique. The performance metrics of the system are defined in terms of the average secrecy capacity and secrecy outage probability parameters. Further, the performance of the system is compared with the conventional stand‐alone VLC system by varying various physical parameters. Further, analytical results are corroborated with the computer simulation results.

IET Communications•Dec 21, 2020•7 citations

Optimal and Robust Beamforming for Secure Transmission in MISO Visible-Light Communication Links

Ayman Mostafa, Lutz Lampe

This work considers secure downlink transmission in indoor multiple-input, single-output visible-light communication (VLC) links. In particular, we study the design of transmit beamformers that maximize the achievable secrecy rate subject to amplitude constraints imposed by the limited dynamic range of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Such constraints render the design problem nonconvex and difficult to solve. We show, however, that this nonconvex problem can be transformed into a solvable quasiconvex line search problem. We also consider the more realistic case of imperfect channel information regarding the receiver's and eavesdropper's links. We tackle the worst-case secrecy rate maximization problem, again subject to amplitude constraints. In our treatment, uncertainty in the receiver's channel is due to limited feedback, and is modeled by spherical sets. On the other hand, there is no feedback from the eavesdropper, and the transmitter shall utilize the line-of-sight channel gain equation to map the eavesdropper's nominal location and orientation into an estimate of the channel gain. Thus, we derive uncertainty sets based on inaccurate information regarding the eavesdropper's location and orientation, as well as the emission pattern of the LEDs. We also consider channel mismatches caused by the uncertain non-line-of-sight components. We provide numerical examples to demonstrate the performance gain of the optimal beamformer compared with the suboptimal schemes, and the robust beamformer compared with its nonrobust counterparts. We also evaluate the worst-case secrecy rate performance of the robust beamformer in a typical VLC scenario along with the aforementioned uncertainty sources.

IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing•Aug 29, 2016•118 citations

Secrecy-Oriented Transmitter Optimization for Visible Light Communication Systems

Hong Shen, Yuqin Deng, Wei Xu +1 more

Securing visible light communication (VLC) systems with physical-layer technologies has drawn increasing attention. In this paper, we leverage both transmit beamforming and jamming techniques to enhance communication secrecy for a multiple-input single-output (MISO) VLC system with presence of multiple eavesdroppers. The transmit beamformer and jamming precoder are jointly optimized in the sense that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the legitimate user is maximized subject to maximum SNR constraints imposed on eavesdroppers, as well as light-emitting diode (LED) optical power constraints. Despite the fact that the corresponding optimization problem has a nonconvex fractional form, we are able to determine its locally optimal solution via Charnes-Cooper transformation and minorization-maximization algorithm. Furthermore, we study the extension to a more complicated scenario where perfect channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) is not available. The superiority of the proposed algorithms is finally verified via simulations.

IEEE photonics journal•Aug 9, 2016•59 citations

Physical-Layer Security for MISO Visible Light Communication Channels

Ayman Mostafa, Lutz Lampe

This paper considers improving the confidentiality of visible light communication (VLC) links within the framework of physical-layer security. We study a VLC scenario with one transmitter, one legitimate receiver, and one eavesdropper. The transmitter has multiple light sources, while the legitimate and unauthorized receivers have a single photodetector, each. We characterize secrecy rates achievable via transmit beamforming over the multiple-input, single-output (MISO) VLC wiretap channel. For VLC systems, intensity modulation (IM) via light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is the most practical transmission scheme. Because of the limited dynamic range of typical LEDs, the modulating signal must satisfy certain amplitude constraints. Hence, we begin with deriving lower and upper bounds on the secrecy capacity of the scalar Gaussian wiretap channel subject to amplitude constraints. Then, we utilize beamforming to obtain a closed-form secrecy rate expression for the MISO wiretap channel. Finally, we propose a robust beamforming scheme to consider the scenario wherein information about the eavesdropper's channel is imperfect due to location uncertainty. A typical application of the proposed scheme is to secure the communication link when the eavesdropper is expected to exist within a specified area. The performance is measured in terms of the worst-case secrecy rate guaranteed under all admissible realizations of the eavesdropper's channel.

IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications•May 13, 2015•254 citations
Abstract The authors propose to arrange the light emitting diodes (LEDs) on the ceiling for an indoor visible light communication system in order to minimise the secrecy outage probability (SOP) at the location of the legitimate user (LU). More precisely, by deriving the secrecy capacity for a multiple‐input single‐output‐VLC system, we evaluate the SOP at the LU's location which is used as the appropriate metric to determine the position of the LEDs on the ceiling. To mitigate the effect of the eavesdropper, we derive the optimal beamforming coefficients which are used at the transmitter LED array with the aim of maximising the signal‐to‐noise ratio at the LU. Simulation results show that for a SOP of 10 −4 , the proposed SOP‐based LED arrangement with optimal beamforming offers up to 3 dB gain in transmit power compared to the classical uniform LED arrangement with sub‐optimal zero‐forcing beamforming. Moreover, they show that by using the proposed method, the SOP is kept below a desired threshold, over a wider area inside the indoor environment compared to classical methods.
In this paper, we address the secure data transmission through visible light communication (VLC) using physical layer security (PLS) techniques and particularly, optical beamforming with the zero-forcing algorithm. More precisely, we consider the secrecy capacity of classical multiple-input single-output VLC so that the system can deal with eavesdroppers by minimizing the secrecy outage probability (SOP). The considered wireless channel is modeled by the Gaussian distribution, which is subject to amplitude constraints. We quantity the achievable secrecy capacity and SOP for the conventional line-of-sight VLC link and show that how the beamforming can determine the optimal placement of the transmitters. We also show that for a given SOP, the proposed optimal placement offers a signal-to-noise ratio gain of up to 6 dB compared to classical methods such as uniform placement of the transmitters. Our numerical results indicate that the proposed optimal LED arrangement can achieve an SOP of 10−1010^{-10}10−10 while the SOP with uniform arrangement is equal to 10−410^{-4}10−4.
This paper considers secrecy enhancement mechanisms in visible light communication (VLC) systems with spatially distributed passive eavesdroppers (EDs) under the assumption that there are multiple LED transmitters and one legitimate user equipment. Based on certain amplitude constraints, we propose a beamforming scheme to improve secrecy performance. Contrary to the case where null-steering is made possible by using knowledge of the ED locations, the proposed beamforming when only statistical information about ED locations is available directs the transmission along a particular eigenmode related to the intensity of the ED process and the intended channel. Then, a LED selection scheme that is less complicated than beamforming is provided to reduce the secrecy outage probability (SOP). An approximate closed-form for the SOP is derived by using secrecy rate bounds. All the analysis is numerically verified by Monte-Carlo simulations. The analysis shows that the beamformer yields superior performance to LED selection. However, LED selection is still a highly efficient alternative scheme due to the complexity associated with the use of multiple transmitters in the full beamforming approach. These performance trends and exact relations between system parameters can be used to develop a secure VLC system in the presence of randomly distributed EDs.
Abstract In this paper, the physical layer security of an indoor visible light communication system, that consists of two transmission light‐emitting diodes to broadcast the information towards the legitimate user, is investigated. Further, a secure LED selection scheme is proposed to select an LED that can perform secure information broadcasting, in the presence of an active and/or passive eavesdropper. The probability of secure information broadcasting is obtained in terms of the positive secrecy rate which is defined under the constraints of known or unknown imperfect channel state information of both legitimate and eavesdropping links. The channel state information (CSI) knowledge of each transmitting link is estimated with the use of a minimum mean square error technique. The performance metrics of the system are defined in terms of the average secrecy capacity and secrecy outage probability parameters. Further, the performance of the system is compared with the conventional stand‐alone VLC system by varying various physical parameters. Further, analytical results are corroborated with the computer simulation results.
This work considers secure downlink transmission in indoor multiple-input, single-output visible-light communication (VLC) links. In particular, we study the design of transmit beamformers that maximize the achievable secrecy rate subject to amplitude constraints imposed by the limited dynamic range of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Such constraints render the design problem nonconvex and difficult to solve. We show, however, that this nonconvex problem can be transformed into a solvable quasiconvex line search problem. We also consider the more realistic case of imperfect channel information regarding the receiver's and eavesdropper's links. We tackle the worst-case secrecy rate maximization problem, again subject to amplitude constraints. In our treatment, uncertainty in the receiver's channel is due to limited feedback, and is modeled by spherical sets. On the other hand, there is no feedback from the eavesdropper, and the transmitter shall utilize the line-of-sight channel gain equation to map the eavesdropper's nominal location and orientation into an estimate of the channel gain. Thus, we derive uncertainty sets based on inaccurate information regarding the eavesdropper's location and orientation, as well as the emission pattern of the LEDs. We also consider channel mismatches caused by the uncertain non-line-of-sight components. We provide numerical examples to demonstrate the performance gain of the optimal beamformer compared with the suboptimal schemes, and the robust beamformer compared with its nonrobust counterparts. We also evaluate the worst-case secrecy rate performance of the robust beamformer in a typical VLC scenario along with the aforementioned uncertainty sources.
Securing visible light communication (VLC) systems with physical-layer technologies has drawn increasing attention. In this paper, we leverage both transmit beamforming and jamming techniques to enhance communication secrecy for a multiple-input single-output (MISO) VLC system with presence of multiple eavesdroppers. The transmit beamformer and jamming precoder are jointly optimized in the sense that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the legitimate user is maximized subject to maximum SNR constraints imposed on eavesdroppers, as well as light-emitting diode (LED) optical power constraints. Despite the fact that the corresponding optimization problem has a nonconvex fractional form, we are able to determine its locally optimal solution via Charnes-Cooper transformation and minorization-maximization algorithm. Furthermore, we study the extension to a more complicated scenario where perfect channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) is not available. The superiority of the proposed algorithms is finally verified via simulations.
This paper considers improving the confidentiality of visible light communication (VLC) links within the framework of physical-layer security. We study a VLC scenario with one transmitter, one legitimate receiver, and one eavesdropper. The transmitter has multiple light sources, while the legitimate and unauthorized receivers have a single photodetector, each. We characterize secrecy rates achievable via transmit beamforming over the multiple-input, single-output (MISO) VLC wiretap channel. For VLC systems, intensity modulation (IM) via light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is the most practical transmission scheme. Because of the limited dynamic range of typical LEDs, the modulating signal must satisfy certain amplitude constraints. Hence, we begin with deriving lower and upper bounds on the secrecy capacity of the scalar Gaussian wiretap channel subject to amplitude constraints. Then, we utilize beamforming to obtain a closed-form secrecy rate expression for the MISO wiretap channel. Finally, we propose a robust beamforming scheme to consider the scenario wherein information about the eavesdropper's channel is imperfect due to location uncertainty. A typical application of the proposed scheme is to secure the communication link when the eavesdropper is expected to exist within a specified area. The performance is measured in terms of the worst-case secrecy rate guaranteed under all admissible realizations of the eavesdropper's channel.