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About the role of JSC “Russian Railways” in the development of quantum communications of the Russian Federation

Mikhail A. Paschenko, Elena A. Rusakova

Published Jan 1, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The problem of protecting the transmitted information from an unauthorized access appeared together with the first telephone communication lines, but it became especially urgent with the development of modern electronic means of communication and universal digitalization. One of the ways to ensure secure data transmission is the use of quantum communications technology. The paper considers the stages of development of quantum communications and analyzes the role of JSC “Russian Railways” in this process.

DOI
10.20291/2311-164x-2022-4-31-36

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The problem of protecting the transmitted information from an unauthorized access appeared together with the first telephone communication lines, but it became especially urgent with the development of modern electronic means of communication and universal digitalization. One of the ways to ensure secure data transmission is the use of quantum communications technology. The paper considers the stages of development of quantum communications and analyzes the role of JSC “Russian Railways” in this process.
Currently, quantum technologies are actively developing in the world. In the Russian Federation, the curator of this direction is JSC “Russian Railways”, which initiated the development of national standards in the field of quantum communications and quantum Internet. The article examines the main international organizations dealing with standardization issues in the field of quantum communications, provides the overview of the main international standards in the field of quantum communications.
The article provides an overview of the digital technology quantum communication and its place among end-to-end digital technologies. Also the problem of quantum threat to the information security of the Russian Federation is considered. The cryptography used today is based on discrete logarithms or factorization, which will lose their cryptographic strength after the implementation of a quantum computer. All countries have started to analyze and develop new information security technologies which are capable to ensure its confidentiality in the quantum era.The article analyzes the experience of building a new information security system in several countries (Great Britain, the European Union, the USA, China). The analysis made it possible to evaluate Russian actions in this area, as well as to identify shortcomings in the regulatory framework governing quantum cryptography, which include quantum key distribution, quantum random number generator, post-quantum cryptography.The author substantiates the need for the introduction of an experimental legal regime and the creation of the «cryptographic agility». The implementation of these proposals will help to prepare a regulatory framework for data migration to an environment protected by cryptographic ciphers resistant to quantum computing. The quantum communication is a new way to protect information in a digital state, where data plays a key role, and their confidentiality and integrity become the key to national security.
The article analyzes the current state of legal regulation of quantum communications as one of the key varieties of quantum technologies. The analysis of the definitions of “quantum communications” available in the current legislation is carried out, their legal nature as a variety of information and digital technologies is determined. The legal concept of “quantum communications” is formulated. The current legislation in the field of quantum communications is analyzed. The main directions of legal regulation of quantum communications in Russia, the key problems that arise in this case are identified. The development of the Concept of regulatory legal regulation of the quantum communications industry in the Russian Federation is proposed. The analysis of the legal regulation of relations arising in connection with the use of quantum communications indicates a clear lack of methodological support for these processes, the absence of a unified approach to understanding what constitutes “quantum communications”, how it is necessary to develop Russian legislation to ensure the breakthrough introduction of quantum communications. An analysis of the regulation of the quantum communications industry in the world indicates that regulation at the level of strategies, concepts, road-maps and development programs is predominant in this process. An important mechanism of state regulation of the development of quantum communications is the state financing of support for projects in the field of quantum communications. The authors have identified several approaches that have developed abroad to the regulation of quantum technologies, including quantum communications, at the level of strategic regulation. The key promising issues in the field of quantum communications that have found legal regulation in foreign countries, which can be applied in Russia, are identified. The key measures of state support for the quantum communications industry, which should find regulatory reflection in the near future, are identified and systematized.
Different countries are creating and improving information systems that increase the efficiency of city management. Their research takes place within the concept of a smart city. The article considers the formation of this concept in the Russian Federation and its evolution abroad. Information systems “smart city” involve the transfer of a significant amount of data, protected by the methods of classical cryptography, through communication lines. The level of development of quantum technologies allowed us to conclude that this method of information security will not be effective in the medium term. Smart city systems have already lost their cryptographic strength for retrospective attacks. The article analyzes data protection options for information system smart city under quantum threat conditions. Based on the classification of city services, the authors propose a differentiated approach to information security, combining post-quantum cryptography and quantum communication technologies. This will allow the optimal use of public resources and create a smart city information system resistant to quantum computer attacks. We completed this article within the Governmental Assignment: “Russian Legal System in the Realities of Digital Transformation of Society and State: Adaptation and Prospects for Responding to Modern Challenges and Threats (FSMW-2023-0006)”. Registration number: 1022040700002-6-5.5.1.
Quantum communication is among the key segments of the data economy in Russia and of the digital economy in China. Both countries are developing legal frameworks for the quantum communication. In Russia, this process takes place predominantly at the federal level, whereas China has an integrated regulatory system in which provinces with advancing quantum technologies also play an active role in adopting legal instruments for their regulation. The article analyses the specific features of provincial-level regulation of quantum communication in China. Particular emphasis is placed on the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, and specifically on measures to support and develop quantum technologies that have been approved by its Administrative Committee—the “Measures for Promoting the Development of Quantum Science and Industry in the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area.” The article further examines regulation in Zhejiang Province and Hangzhou, in Anhui Province and the Hefei High-Tech Zone, as well as in other provinces (Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangdong). These jurisdictions focus predominantly working out specific measures to stimulate and advance technologies, aimed at achieving their world-class level, which in turn presupposes a systematic approach. Recently, the Russian economy has seen the implementation of several projects involving the creation and use of quantum communication and related equipment, some of them have been introduced at the level of Russia’s regions. Under the Russian Constitution, matters concerning communications and information technology fall within federal jurisdiction. Since regions have not been vested with the corresponding powers, they may regulate only supportive activities for innovative projects in this field. By comparing China’s integrated, province-level regulation with Russia’s primarily federal-level framework, the article provides an understanding of how both countries legally support the development of quantum communication. While adopting a comparative perspective, the analysis places particular emphasis on China’s regulatory architecture and province-level practices. This analysis reveals common challenges and distinct pathways in designing legal mechanisms for quantum technologies in different constitutional settings.