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Письма в журнал технической физики

Quantum noise source based on shot noise of a balanced photodetector with a tunable integrated optical beam splitter

В.В. Лебедев, V.M. Petrov, I. V. Ilichev, Peter M. Agruzov, А.В. Шамрай

Published Jan 1, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A broadband quantum noise source based on detection of shot noise of a balanced photodetector is demonstrated. Precise electro-optical tuning of the balanced photodetector circuit was carried out by an integrated optical beam splitter constructed in the form of the dual output Mach-Zehnder interferometer on a lithium niobate substrate. The classical component of the detected noise related to the relative intensity noise of a laser diode was suppressed by more than 15 dB. At the maximum laser power of 100 mW, the power spectral density of detected shot noise was 12 dB higher than the level of technical noise of the measuring system in the frequency band above 3 GHz. Keywords: quantum random number generator, vacuum fluctuations, shot noise measurements, integrated optics, lithium niobate

DOI
10.21883/tpl.2022.14.52066.18870

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A broadband quantum noise source based on detection of shot noise of a balanced photodetector is demonstrated. Precise electro-optical tuning of the balanced photodetector circuit was carried out by an integrated optical beam splitter constructed in the form of the dual output Mach-Zehnder interferometer on a lithium niobate substrate. The classical component of the detected noise related to the relative intensity noise of a laser diode was suppressed by more than 15 dB. At the maximum laser power of 100 mW, the power spectral density of detected shot noise was 12 dB higher than the level of technical noise of the measuring system in the frequency band above 3 GHz. Keywords: quantum random number generator, vacuum fluctuations, shot noise measurements, integrated optics, lithium niobate
Abstract A broadband quantum noise source based on detection of shot noise of a balanced photodetector is demonstrated. Precise electro-optical tuning of the balanced photodetector circuit was carried out by an integrated optical beam splitter constructed in the form of the dual output Mach–Zehnder interferometer on a lithium niobate substrate. The classical component of the detected noise related to the relative intensity noise of a laser diode was suppressed by more than 15 dB. At the maximum laser power of 100 mW, the power spectral density of detected shot noise was 12 dB higher than the level of technical noise of the measuring system in the frequency band above 3 GHz.
Broadband quantum noise source based on the shot noise detection of a balanced photodetector is demonstrated. Precise electro-optical tuning of the balanced photodetector circuit was carried out by an integrated optical beam splitter in the form of the dual output Mach-Zehnder interferometer on a lithium niobate substrate. The classical component of the detected noise related to the relative intensity noise of a laser diode was suppressed by more than 15 dB. At the maximum laser power of 100 mW, power spectral density of detected shot noise was 12 dB higher than the level of technical noise of the measuring system in the frequency band above 3 GHz.
The theory and practical realization of a broadband quantum-noise generator based on an original integrated optical beam splitter in the form of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is demonstrated. The beam splitter with a double output, made on a lithium niobate substrate, provides accurate electro-optical balancing of the homodyne quantum-noise detection circuit. The experimentally obtained excess of quantum noise over classical noise is 12 dB in the frequency band over 4 GHz, which is the best parameters of quantum-noise generators known from the literature.
For the first time, the theory and practical realization of a broadband quantum noise generator based on original integrated optical beam splitter in the form of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is demonstrated. The beam splitter with a double output, made on a lithium niobate substrate, provided accurate electro-optical balancing of the homodyne quantum noise detection circuit. According to our knowledge, the experimentally obtained excess of quantum noise over classical noise by 12 dB in the frequency band over 4 GHz, which is the best parameters of quantum noise generators known from the literature.
The quantum-limited operation of balanced mixer optical homodyne and heterodyne receiver using a 50-50 percent beam splitter and two identical photodetectors is experimentally confirmed. The absolute quantum noise levels are calibrated with an incoherent GaAs light-emitting diode output. The photoelectron statistics, obtained through the analog photon counting experiment, are reduced to the quantum limit. The photocurrent fluctuation spectral density measured with a spectrum analyzer also agrees with the quantum noise spectral density. Furthermore, the deviations from the absolute quantum noise level are within ±0.02 dB. Finally, complete suppression of local oscillator excess noise is demonstrated in the 0-1.5 GHz frequency region.
A quantum random number generator (QRNG) utilizes quantum mechanical phenomena, such as photon superposition and vacuum fluctuation, to produce truly unpredictable random numbers. This study analyzes the effect of classical noise in a QRNG based on vacuum fluctuation, focusing on thermal noise and relative intensity noise (RIN) in an entropy source consisting of a laser source and balanced homodyne receiver. Numerical analysis shows that RIN significantly impacts QRNG performance when the error in the splitting ratio of a half beam splitter in the receiver exceeds 0.5 dB. This study indicates design guidelines for QRNG setups based on vacuum fluctuation.