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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Markov properties of partially open quantum random walks

Yuan Bao Kang

Published Mar 1, 2023• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we first construct (nonhomogeneous) quantum Markov chains (QMCs, for short) associated with partially open quantum random walks (POQRWs, for short). We then focus on the study of the analogs of irreducibility, period, and ergodic behavior of POQRWs by QMCs. Moreover, we get the characterization of invariant states of POQRWs via QMCs.

DOI
10.1063/5.0087222

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In this paper, we first construct (nonhomogeneous) quantum Markov chains (QMCs, for short) associated with partially open quantum random walks (POQRWs, for short). We then focus on the study of the analogs of irreducibility, period, and ergodic behavior of POQRWs by QMCs. Moreover, we get the characterization of invariant states of POQRWs via QMCs.
In this paper we construct (nonhomogeneous) quantum Markov chains associated with open quantum random walks. We then discuss the reducibility and irreducibility of open quantum random walks via the corresponding quantum Markov chains. The quantum Markov chain was introduced by Accardi by using transition expectation, and the construction of the quantum Markov chains for the open quantum random walks was introduced by Dhahri and Mukhamedov. Here we construct nonhomogeneous quantum Markov chains for the open quantum random walks so that we can naturally express the evolution of any open quantum random walk by the corresponding quantum Markov chain. We provide with some examples. In particular, we show that the classical Markov chains are reconstructed as quantum Markov chains as well and the reducibility and irreducibility properties of classical Markov chains can be investigated in the language of quantum Markov chains.
Quantum Markov chains (QMCs) and open quantum random walks (OQRWs) represent different quantum extensions of the classical Markov chain framework. QMCs stand as a more profound layer within the realm of Markovian dynamics. The exploration of both QMCs and OQRWs has been a predominant focus over the past decade. Recently, a significant connection between QMCs and OQRWs has been forged, yielding valuable applications. This bridge is particularly impactful when studying QMCs on tree structures, where it intersects with the realm of phase transitions in models naturally arising from quantum statistical mechanics. Furthermore, it aids in elucidating statistical properties, such as recurrence and clustering. The objective of this paper centers around delving into the intricate structure of QMCs on Cayley trees in relation to OQRWs. The foundational elements of this class of QMCs are built upon using classical probability measures that encompass the hierarchical nature of Cayley trees. This exploration unveils the pivotal role that the dynamics of OQRWs play in shaping the behavior of the Markov chains under consideration. Moreover, the analysis extends to their classical counterparts. The findings are further underscored by the examination of notable examples, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the outcomes.
In the present paper, we construct QMCs (Quantum Markov Chains) associated with Open Quantum Random Walks such that the transition operator of the chain is defined by OQRW and the restriction of QMC to the commutative subalgebra coincides with the distribution [Formula: see text] of OQRW. This sheds new light on some properties of the measure [Formula: see text]. As an example, we simply mention that the measure can be considered as a distribution of some functions of certain Markov processes. Furthermore, we study several properties of QMC and associated measures. A new notion of [Formula: see text]-recurrence of QMC is studied, and the relations between the concepts of recurrence introduced in this paper and the existing ones are established.
Motivated by a model presented by S. Gudder, we study a quantum generalization of Markov chains and discuss the relation between these maps and open quantum random walks, a class of quantum channels described by S. Attal et al. We consider processes which are nonhomogeneous in time, i.e., at each time step, a possibly distinct evolution kernel. Inspired by a spectral technique described by L. Saloff-Coste and J. Zúñiga, we define a notion of ergodicity for nonhomogeneous quantum Markov chains and describe a criterion for ergodicity of such objects in terms of singular values. As a consequence we obtain a quantum version of the classical probability result concerning the behavior of the columns (or rows) of the iterates of a stochastic matrix induced by a finite, irreducible, aperiodic Markov chain. We are also able to relate the ergodic property presented here with the notions of weak and uniform ergodicity known in the literature of noncommutative L1L^1L1-spaces.
In the present paper, we construct QMC (Quantum Markov Chains) associated with Open Quantum Random Walks such that the transition operator of the chain is defined by OQRW and the restriction of QMC to the commutative subalgebra coincides with the distribution [Formula: see text] of OQRW. However, we are going to look at the probability distribution as a Markov field over the Cayley tree. Such kind of consideration allows us to investigate phase transition phenomena associated for OQRW within QMC scheme. Furthermore, we first propose a new construction of QMC on trees, which is an extension of QMC considered in [10]. Using such a construction, we are able to construct QMCs on tress associated with OQRW. Our investigation leads to the detection of the phase transition phenomena within the proposed scheme. This kind of phenomena appears for the first time in this direction. Moreover, mean entropies of QMCs are calculated.