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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Quantum Authentication Using Double Teleportation

Carlos Cardoso-Isidoro, Francisco Delgado

Published Feb 1, 2023• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract A process involving quantum teleportation to teleport a state to two parties in superposition is presented. Then, the process is applied to cryptography. Concretely in this work, we present the process of cryptography authentication using an undefined qubit state and the double quantum teleportation presented previously. Since quantum cryptography protocols are susceptible of eavesdropping, then such a process is considered through an eavesdropper trying to steal the information to supplant the user of authentication in order to quantify certain limits of applicability.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/2448/1/012018

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Abstract A process involving quantum teleportation to teleport a state to two parties in superposition is presented. Then, the process is applied to cryptography. Concretely in this work, we present the process of cryptography authentication using an undefined qubit state and the double quantum teleportation presented previously. Since quantum cryptography protocols are susceptible of eavesdropping, then such a process is considered through an eavesdropper trying to steal the information to supplant the user of authentication in order to quantify certain limits of applicability.
Quantum cryptography is a well-stated field within quantum applications where quantum information is used to set secure communications, authentication, and secret keys. Now used in quantum devices with those purposes, particularly Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which proposes a secret key between two parties free of effective eavesdropping, at least at a higher level than classical cryptography. The best-known quantum protocol to securely share a secret key is the BB84 one. Other protocols have been proposed as adaptations of it. Most of them are based on the quantum indeterminacy for non-orthogonal quantum states. Their security is commonly based on the large length of the key. In the current work, a BB84-like procedure for QKD based on double quantum teleportation allows the sharing of the key statement using several parties. Thus, the quantum bits of information are assembled among three parties via entanglement, instead of travelling through a unique quantum channel as in the traditional protocol. Asymmetry in the double teleportation plus post-measurement retains the secrecy in the process. Despite requiring more complex control and resources, the procedure dramatically reduces the probability of success for an eavesdropper under individual attacks, because of the ignorance of the processing times in the procedure. Quantum Bit Error Rate remains in the acceptable threshold and it becomes configurable. The article depicts the double quantum teleportation procedure, the associated control to introduce the QKD scheme, the analysis of individual attacks performed by an eavesdropper, and a brief comparison with other protocols.
Abstract: In this paper we provide a quantum authentication protocol. The two parties share a sequence of EPR(Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) pairs as the authentication key. To authenticate each other, one party creates aux-iliary qubits and make them interact with the authentication key. After measurement in selected basis, he or she affirm the other’s identity. We shown that no one without the authentication key can pass the authentication process. So the protocol is secure. The authentication key is reusable if there are no eavesdroppers and errors in transmis-sion.
When it became known that quantum computers could break the RSA (named for its creators – Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman) encryption algorithm within a polynomialtime, quantum cryptography began to be actively studied. Other classical cryptographic algorithms are only secure when malicious users do not have sufficient computational power to break security within a practical amount of time. Recently, many quantum authentication protocols sharing quantum entangled particles between communicators have been proposed, providing unconditional security. An issue caused by sharing quantum entangled particles is that it may not be simple to apply these protocols to authenticate a specific user in a group of many users. An authentication protocol using quantum superposition states instead of quantum entangled particles is proposed. The random number shared between a sender and a receiver can be used for classical encryption after the authentication has succeeded. The proposed protocol can be implemented with the current technologies we introduce in this paper.
This paper has developed a quantum authentication protocol along with the encryption encapsulation by entangled photon states that are forwarded from a trusted server to two users. It is shown to provide second tier security against impersonation and eavesdropping but with the ease of decryption limited only for two legitimate users. In this process, qutrit photon states are used to identity encryption and a one-way-function containing the phase information of the trits is used for basis selection. The protocol is analyzed to test different eavesdropping strategies and is found to provide unconditional security.
This paper provides a quantum information authentication protocol using entangled states. The two parties share EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) pairs as authentication key. Information is coded in two-qubits systems. The two parties confirm the validity of the information by making the coding systems to interact with the authentication key. We prove that information from anyone who has no authentication key can't pass the authentication. So our protocol is secure. If there are no errors and eavesdroppers existing in transmission, the authentication key can be reused
In order to perform Quantum Cryptography procedures it is often essencial to ensure that the parties of the communication are authentic. Such task is accomplished by quantum authentication protocols which are distributed algorithms based on the intrinsic properties of Quantum Mechanics. The choice of an authentication protocol must consider that quantum states are very delicate and that the channel is subject to eavesdropping. However, even in face of the various existing definitions of quantum authentication protocols in the literature, little is known about them in this perspective, and this lack of knowledge may unfavor comparisons and wise choices. In the attempt to overcome this limitation, in the present work we aim at showing an approach to evaluate quantum authentication protocols based on the determination of their quantum communication complexity. Based on our investigation, no similar methods to analyze quantum authentication protocols were found in the literature. Pursuing this further, our approach has advantages that need to be highlighted: it characterizes a systematic procedure to evaluate quantum authentication protocols; its evaluation is intuitive, based only on the protocol execution; the resulting measure is a concise notation of what resources a quantum authentication protocol demands and how many communications are performed; it allows comparisons between protocols; it makes possible to analyze the communication effort when an eavesdropping occurs; and, lastly, it is likely to be applied in almost any quantum authentication protocol. To illustrate the proposed approach, we also bring results about its application in ten existing quantum authentication protocols (data origin authentication and identity authentication). Such evaluations increase the knowledge about the existing protocols, presenting its advantages, limitations and contrasts.