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International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI)

On Assisted Quantum Key Authentication Protocol

Supriyo Banerjee, Biswajit Maiti, Banani Saha

Published Jun 3, 2021• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

This paper has developed a quantum authentication protocol along with the encryption encapsulation by entangled photon states that are forwarded from a trusted server to two users. It is shown to provide second tier security against impersonation and eavesdropping but with the ease of decryption limited only for two legitimate users. In this process, qutrit photon states are used to identity encryption and a one-way-function containing the phase information of the trits is used for basis selection. The protocol is analyzed to test different eavesdropping strategies and is found to provide unconditional security.

DOI
10.1109/icoei51242.2021.9453009

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This paper has developed a quantum authentication protocol along with the encryption encapsulation by entangled photon states that are forwarded from a trusted server to two users. It is shown to provide second tier security against impersonation and eavesdropping but with the ease of decryption limited only for two legitimate users. In this process, qutrit photon states are used to identity encryption and a one-way-function containing the phase information of the trits is used for basis selection. The protocol is analyzed to test different eavesdropping strategies and is found to provide unconditional security.
Authentication is one of the security services that ensures sufficient security of the system by identification and verification. Also, it assures the identity of the communicating party to be that the claimed one. To build a quantum channel between two unauthenticated to each other parties, first, a trusted authority is needed to establish a mutual authentication with each party. Using Bell measurement and entanglement swapping, we present a protocol that mutually authenticates the identity of the sender and the receiver, then constructs a quantum channel based on Bell basis. After, the sender and the receiver use the quantum channel to communicate using entanglement-assisted quantum communication protocols. Additionally, the protocol renews the shared secret key between the trusted authority and each user after each authentication process. The protocol provides the necessary authentication and key distribution to create a quantum channel between the sender and receiver.
We propose two types of protocols for quantum secure blind decryption, involving two users and servers. User 1 holds the encrypted ciphertext. The servers store several indexed keys including the key encrypting the ciphertext. User 2 aims to obtain the decrypted text. The protocols are designed to preserve the following types of secrecy: Users ensure the secrecy of the text from the servers. Servers maintain the secrecy of the keys from the users. Our protocols enable User 2 to obtain the decrypted text while preserving these secrecy requirements. Additionally, the second protocol ensures the secrecy of the key index to identify the key encrypting the ciphertext from the servers, and the second protocol requires two non-commuting servers. Furthermore, we analyze the secrecy of the second protocol under post-attack scenarios, where the two servers communicates with each other after the completion of the protocol. We show that our quantum protocol satisfies the secrecy under these attacks, whereas its classical counterpart fails to do so.
Quantum communication networks are connected by various devices to achieve communication or distributed computing for users in remote locations. In order to solve the problem of generating temporary session key for secure communication in optical-ring quantum networks, a quantum key agreement protocol is proposed. In the key agreement protocols, an attacker can impersonate a legal user to participate in the negotiation process and eavesdrop the agreement key easily. This is often overlooked in most quantum key agreement protocols, which makes them insecure in practical implementation. Considering this problem, the function of authenticating the user’s identity is added in the proposed protocol. Combining classical hash function with identity information, we design the authentication operation conforming to the characteristics of quantum search algorithm. In the security analysis of the proposed protocol, quantum state discrimination is utilized to show that the protocol is secure against common attacks and impersonation attack. In addition, only single photons need to be prepared and measured, which makes our protocol feasible with existing technology.
This study proposes a two-party quantum identity authentication protocol that does not require the participation of a third party. The protocol can verify the user’s identity without exposing the authentication key information, and it can be implemented with a single-photon state, which does not involve entanglement, enabling it to be combined with existing technologies. The shared key is protected by the protocol and hidden during communication, and the security of the authentication scheme is analyzed and verified under general attack. Further analysis results indicate that this protocol is secure and efficient.
In this paper, an authenticated deterministic secure quantum communication protocol based on entanglement swapping is presented. The users' identity will be authenticated, and only legitimate users can anticipate the communication even though there are no quantum communication channels between them. The authentication center acts as the server of modern application system, and the users is like those clients linked with the server, then the users communicate with each other through the authentication center. The security of our protocol is analyzed to be secure against the eavesdropping attacks and the impersonation attack.
Unconditional security in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) relies on authenticating the identities of users involved in key distribution. While classical identity authentication schemes were initially utilized in QKD implementations, concerns regarding their vulnerability have prompted the exploration of Quantum Identity Authentication (QIA) protocols. In this study, we introduce a new protocol for QIA, derived from the concept of controlled secure direct quantum communication. Our proposed scheme facilitates simultaneous authentication between two users, Alice and Bob, leveraging Bell states with the assistance of a third party, Charlie. Through rigorous security analysis, we demonstrate that the proposed protocol withstands various known attacks, including impersonation, intercept and resend and impersonated fraudulent attacks. Additionally, we establish the relevance of the proposed protocol by comparing it with the existing protocols of similar type.