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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America

Total noise and nonclassical states

Mark S. Hillery

Published Jan 1, 1988• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The total noise of a state is the sum of the fluctuations in the real part of the field amplitude and those in the imaginary part. It is a measure of the total fluctuations in the field amplitude and is a minimum for coherent states. Several examples of nonclassical fields are considered, and it is shown that as nonclassical behavior increases so does total noise. For example, total noise increases as a state becomes more squeezed or as the photon statistics become more sub-Poissonian. This result is then generalized by using the concept of nonclassical distance. Nonclassical distance δ is a measure of the extent to which the behavior of a field state differs from that of classical states. A lower bound for the total noise is derived which is an increasing function of δ. This means that the more nonclassical a state is the greater its total noise must be.

DOI
10.1364/oam.1988.tua3

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The total noise of a state is the sum of the fluctuations in the real part of the field amplitude and those in the imaginary part. It is a measure of the total fluctuations in the field amplitude and is a minimum for coherent states. Several examples of nonclassical fields are considered, and it is shown that as nonclassical behavior increases so does total noise. For example, total noise increases as a state becomes more squeezed or as the photon statistics become more sub-Poissonian. This result is then generalized by using the concept of nonclassical distance. Nonclassical distance δ is a measure of the extent to which the behavior of a field state differs from that of classical states. A lower bound for the total noise is derived which is an increasing function of δ. This means that the more nonclassical a state is the greater its total noise must be.
The total noise of a field state is a measure of the fluctuations of the field amplitude. It is a minimum for coherent states. As the behavior of a state becomes more nonclassical, its total noise increases. This is shown first for several specific types of nonclassical states, among them squeezed and sub-Poissonian states. These results are generalized by using nonclassical distance to measure how nonclassical a field state is. A lower bound for the total noise is derived that is an increasing function of nonclassical distance. From it one can conclude that highly nonclassical states have large amplitude fluctuations.
The nonclassical measures of nonclassical properties of radiation fields are proposed in parallel with those of the nonclassical states. It is shown that the nonclassical measures of sub-Poissonian photon statistics and squeezing are bounded below 1/21/21/2 and their physical implications are discussed in comparison with the nonclassical measures of states.
We study a single-mode squeezing, sub-Poissonian and total noise in degenerate six-wave mixing process.We establish the analytic expression of first-order and second-order squeezing in terms of total noise under short-time approximation in degenerate six-wave mixing process.It shows that higher-order squeezing allows a much larger fractional noise reduction than lower-order squeezing.We observe that the squeezed states are associated with large number of photons.We find that squeezing is greater in stimulated process than corresponding squeezing in spontaneous interaction.The photon statistics of the pump mode in the process is investigated and found to be sub-Poissonian in nature.The effect of sub-Poissonian nature of an optical field in terms of total noise is also incorporated.We show that the depth of nonclassicality directly depends on the amount of total noise present in the system.This suggests that the more squeezed the state is, the greater is its total noise in the system.
In 1963 Glauber /Phys. Rev. 130, 2529 and 131, 2766/ published a basic theoretical study that revealed the broad variety of possible photon states. Later on a quantum-statistical analysis showed that states with classical analog (this light Is termed classical light) as well as states without classical analog (so-called nonclassical light) can occur. Following the definition given by Teich, Saleh, and Perina /JOSAB2 (1985) 275) nonclassical light exhibits one or more of the attributes squeezed, antibunched, sub-Poissonian, what is connected with a negative value of the field-fluctuation excess, the bunching excess, or the Poisson excess. These negative values mean quantum fluctuations below the classical standard quantum limits of ideal laser light; thus, nonclassical light may yield an essential improvement of the optical measurement accuracy, in particular of the signal-to-noise ratio. There exists a common property of the three attributes concerning the Glauber-Sudarshan representation P(c ), which is the real weight function belonging to the incoherent mixture (density operators) of Glauber states with different complex amplitudes. In the case of classical light P(oç ) is a positive definite function, whereas nonclassical light requires a nonpositive definite function P(o.), which cannot be interpreted as a proper probability distribution - as it is possible in the case of light with a classical analog /M. Schubert, Ann. d. Phys. 4k (1987) 53/. In addition to its possible important applications nonclassical light yields a deep insight into the quantum nature of the radiation field.