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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America

Dynamics of switching and spatial first-order phase transition in intrinsic optical bistability

Ramarao Inguva, Charles M. Bowden

Published Jan 1, 1988• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A system of coherently driven spatially distributed two-level atoms, coupled with each other via dipole–dipole interaction, exhibits intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) at solid-state densities,1 i.e., optical bistability without optical feedback. The origin of the IOB was shown to be due to inversion-dependent renormalization of the single-atom resonance frequency caused by dipole–dipole interaction among the atoms located mainly within an atomic resonance wavelength.2 For normally incident plane waves of intensity beyond threshold, a spatially dependent discontinuity in the nonlinear refractive index was shown to exist inside the medium,1 corresponding to spatial separation of the high and low absorption phases of the IOB. We present numerical results for the time-dependent solutions of the equations of motion and dynamics of the field propagation.

DOI
10.1364/oam.1988.fbb2

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A system of coherently driven spatially distributed two-level atoms, coupled with each other via dipole–dipole interaction, exhibits intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) at solid-state densities,1 i.e., optical bistability without optical feedback. The origin of the IOB was shown to be due to inversion-dependent renormalization of the single-atom resonance frequency caused by dipole–dipole interaction among the atoms located mainly within an atomic resonance wavelength.2 For normally incident plane waves of intensity beyond threshold, a spatially dependent discontinuity in the nonlinear refractive index was shown to exist inside the medium,1 corresponding to spatial separation of the high and low absorption phases of the IOB. We present numerical results for the time-dependent solutions of the equations of motion and dynamics of the field propagation.
Dynamical transient response and longitudinal spatial evolution of the first-order phase transition are presented for intrinsic optical bistability of a system of interacting spatially distributed, coherently driven two-level atoms. It is shown that a discontinuity in the nonlinear dielectric function is established internal to the medium due to transient response to a coherent, externally applied, time-dependent driving field, following the attainment of a critical value for the input intensity. If the externally applied field intensity reaches the steady state, beyond the critical value, the discontinuity of the nonlinear dielectric function in the medium reaches a stable stationary condition and forms a spatial boundary between states of high and low polarization in the medium. Thus it is shown that intrinsic optical bistability corresponds to a spatial as well as a temporal first-order phase transition in light-matter interactions, far from thermodynamic equilibrium, where the spatial boundary between different phases is established by transient dynamical response to the incident field.
We use a quantum-electrodynamical, many-body treatment to show mirrorless optical bistability in terms of the spatial properties of coherent dipole-dipole interactions among interacting two-level atoms. The general theory is applied to two special cases: (1) a thin sample of two-level atoms, with a width smaller than a resonance wavelength and (2) a long sample of two-level atoms, with dimensions very large relative to a resonance wavelength. While for the thin sample we are able to use a mean-field approximation with validity, for the long sample we are compelled to take into account retardation and propagation. In both cases bistability is found to be related to a renormalization of the frequency (or relaxation rate) that is inversion dependent. For the long sample the frequency renormalization is significant for high atomic densities and for large oscillator strengths.
We use a fully quantum, many-body treatment to show mirrorless optical bistability in terms of the spacial properties of interacting two-level systems. The bistability effects are related to the coherent dipole-dipole interactions which introduce an inversion-dependent renormalization of the frequency (or relaxation). Conditions of stability and instability are discussed for a thin sample of two-level atoms with a width smaller than a wavelength. For a long sample of two-level atoms, we find that the two phases of high transmissivity and low transmissivity may coexist spacially in the material.
The dynamics of the intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) in an elementary quantum system is investigated in the situation where this system is composed of two weakly interacting subsystems. Numerical calculations have been performed for two ``real'' systems where IOB has been experimentally observed. The first situation corresponds to the electron-nuclear spin system of $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},$ where the transition between electron spin states exhibit a strong bistability. The other situation corresponds to optical transitions in Yb3+{\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}Yb3+ pairs in CsCdBr3:Yb{\mathrm{CsCdBr}}_{3}:\mathrm{Yb}CsCdBr3​:Yb compound, where IOB has been experimentally observed. It is shown that, in addition to the classical hysteresis of the response of the system upon variation of the power of the external field, the observation of the so-called critical slowing down is a clear signature of IOB.
We consider a boundary value problem of reflection of a powerful light wave from a dense resonant medium that exhibits intrinsic optical bistability because of the dipole–dipole interaction of two-level atoms. On the basis of analytical solutions and numerical simulations we establish that intrinsic optical bistability results in the dependence of the reflection coefficient on the adiabatically varying intensity of an external field. The reflection coefficient is an oscillating function of the intensity because of the additional reflectivity that is due to a light-induced sharp discontinuity in the nonlinear permittivity of a dense resonant medium.