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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America

Spectral changes induced by source correlations

E. Wolf

Published Jan 1, 1989• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is generally taken for granted that the spectrum of light does not change on propagation. This belief is implicit in all spectroscopy. In the last few years it was discovered that while such spectral invariance holds for radiation from commonly used sources it does not hold, in general, because the spectrum of emitted radiation depends not only on the source spectrum but also on the coherence properties of the source. It was found that in some cases the induced changes may be appreciable, possibly resulting in frequency shifts of spectral lines. It has also been demonstrated that similar spectral changes may be produced by scattering on media whose dielectric susceptibility is appropriately correlated.

DOI
10.1364/oam.1989.thh1

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It is generally taken for granted that the spectrum of light does not change on propagation. This belief is implicit in all spectroscopy. In the last few years it was discovered that while such spectral invariance holds for radiation from commonly used sources it does not hold, in general, because the spectrum of emitted radiation depends not only on the source spectrum but also on the coherence properties of the source. It was found that in some cases the induced changes may be appreciable, possibly resulting in frequency shifts of spectral lines. It has also been demonstrated that similar spectral changes may be produced by scattering on media whose dielectric susceptibility is appropriately correlated.
Abstract : It is generally taken for granted that the spectrum of light does not change on propagation. This belief is implicit in all spectroscopy. In the last few years it was discovered that while such spectral invariance holds for radiation from commonly used sources it does not hold, in general, because the spectrum of emitted radiation depends not only on the source spectrum but also on the coherence properties of the source. It was found that in some cases the induced changes may be appreciable, possibly resulting in frequency shifts of spectral lines. It has also been demonstrated that similar spectral changes may be produced by scattering on random media whose dielectric susceptibility fluctuations are appropriately correlated. Very recently it was shown that under certain circumstances the frequency shifts generated by dynamic scattering may imitate the Doppler effect, even though the source, the scatterer and the observer are all at rest relative to each other. (emk)
During the last few years it has been conclusively demonstrated, both theoretically and experimentally, that the coherence properties of a source affect the spectrum of the emitted radiation.1 Expressed differently it was shown that the spectrum of the field depends not only on the spectrum of the source, but also on the state of coherence of the source. This result holds both for fields generated by primary sources, and for those generated by secondary ones, such as, for example, illuminated apertures or scattering media.
There is an implicit assumption in all of spectroscopy that the relative energy distribution in the spectrum of radiation which propagates in free space is independent of the location of the observer, provided that the observer and the source are at rest relative to each other. That this assumption is not valid, in general, was suggested by the results of an investigation of Mandel111, carried out almost thirty years ago. Mandel showed that when light beams from two small correlated sources which have the same normalized spectra are superposed, the normalized spectrum in the region of superposition will differ, in general, from the normalized spectrum of each source. More recently it was predicted theoretically2 and confirmed experimentally soon therwards3 that the normalized spectrum of light produced by an extended source, will, in general, differ from the normalized source spectrum (assumed to be the same at every source point); and that it will depend on the location of the point of observation. The spectral changes were shown to depend on the correlation properties of the source.
It has recently been demonstrated both theoretically1-3 and experimentally4 that contrary to general belief, the spectrum of light emitted by a steady-state source depends, in general, not only on the source spectrum but also on the degree of correlation between the source fluctuations. When the source spectrum consists of a single line centered at frequency wo , the source correlation may cause the spectrum of the emitted light to be a line centered on a lower frequency < wo or at a higher frequency w'o > wA, depending on the particular form of the degree of correla?ion. Thus source correlations provide a new physical mechanism for redshifts or blueshifts of spectral lines. This newly discovered phenomenon is obviously-of particular interest for astronomy, where line shifts observed in the spectra of radiation from stellar objects have up to now always been assumed to be caused either by the motion of the stellar object relative to the observer (the Doppler effect) or as being due to gravitation. Examples of redshifted lines due to source correlations are shown in Fig. 1.