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Nonlinear Guided Waves and Their Applications

Nonlinear Directional Coupler Based on Rb:KTP-Waveguides

K S Buritskiĭ, Evgenii M Dianov, V.A. Maslov, В. А. Черных, E A Shcherbakov

Published Jan 1, 1991• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

To create ultrahigh-speed long-distance optical fiber communication systems of new generation particularly soliton transmission lines and to implement information optical processing systems into practice it is necessary to develop different functional devices having less than 10 ps high-speed characteristics[1]. The best variant is the application with this aim of light-controlled integrated optical switches and gates, as the pulses of less than 10 fs duration are obtained precisely by the optical methods. Promising from this point of view is the switch based on nonlinear coupled optical waveguides previously used experimentally in the integrated-optical variant on lithium niobate [2] and gallium arsenide [3] base as well as in quartz fiber light guides [4,5].

DOI
10.1364/nlgwp.1991.tub6

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To create ultrahigh-speed long-distance optical fiber communication systems of new generation particularly soliton transmission lines and to implement information optical processing systems into practice it is necessary to develop different functional devices having less than 10 ps high-speed characteristics[1]. The best variant is the application with this aim of light-controlled integrated optical switches and gates, as the pulses of less than 10 fs duration are obtained precisely by the optical methods. Promising from this point of view is the switch based on nonlinear coupled optical waveguides previously used experimentally in the integrated-optical variant on lithium niobate [2] and gallium arsenide [3] base as well as in quartz fiber light guides [4,5].
The development of the techniques to control the light flux parameters directly by the light itself has permitted us to realize the new class of devices designed for completely optical signal processing. These new devices are both one-channel facilities for fiber links (light- control switches, modulators, and optical transistors) and multichannel ones (spatial-time light modulators -- STLM), which are the basic elements for the systems of optical data processing. All of these devices are based on light-control optical elements, in which one light flux or impulse directly controls parameters of another without doing an intermediate conversion into the electric signal and back again. In order to transfer some data from the control light flux to the fundamental one, a certain optical medium is required where the transmission properties depend on the control light. Scientific work on creation of the optical medium has already been carried out for more than 20 years. By now, sensitive media with specific switching energy of E equals 10-6 + 10-8 J/cm2 and switching rate of (nu) <EQ 102 cycles/s (the structure like MLS-liquid crystal) have been created. The devices for multichannel optical data processing -- that is, STLMs -- are implemented on the base of these sensitive media.
In recent years, quantum communication has received extensive attention due to its high security of transmitted information. Quantum key distribution (QKD), an important branch of quantum information, is developing rapidly and has been gradually moving toward practicality and networking. The use of phase coding through fiber optic channels is the basis for the implementation of QKD systems. In QKD systems, electro-optical modulation techniques are mainly used to change the photon phase through phase modulators to realize the phase coding scheme. Among them, lithium niobate is a common material for making phase modulators in QKD systems. Lithium niobate (LN) crystals are an optical material with excellent acousto-optical and electro-optical properties. It has good physical and chemical stability, a wide optical low-loss window, a large electro-optical coefficient and an excellent second-order nonlinear effect. It has a wide range of applications in high-speed electro-optical tuning, holographic storage, nonlinear frequency conversion, etc. Thin-film lithium niobate (LNOI), as a new integrated optical material, can well combine the excellent electro-optical, acousto-optical and nonlinear properties of the material with a compact optical waveguide. It also has the advantages of a small waveguide cross-section size, high electric field density, strong nonlinear effect, low half-wave voltage length product, and small size. It has significant advantages in the integration of optoelectronic devices. In the phase-coded QKD system, the coding object of the information is the phase of the optical signal. The polarization state of the optical signal can have a serious impact on the system. The phase-encoded QKD system based on the Faraday-Michaelson interference loop is able to self-compensate for the polarization variations in the system to remove the relevant effects of polarization variations on the QKD system. The application of a phase modulator based on thin film lithium niobate preparation in quantum key distribution can effectively enhance the rate of the quantum key distribution system. However, there is still a need to study the transmission and modulation characteristics of LNOI waveguides on polarized optical signals. In this paper, we develop a phase modulator based on thin-film lithium niobate for high-speed QKD systems. Simulation and analysis of the polarization mode of the optical signal transmitted in the optical waveguide. Test and study the transmission loss and modulation efficiency difference of a thin-film lithium niobate optical waveguide for TE and TM polarization state optical signals. To build a test system for application to the measurement and modulation test of the polarization state of optical signals in a high-speed phase-encoded QKD system.
Micro-ring resonators (MRRs) are employed to generate signals used for optical communication applications, where they can be integrated in a single system. These structures are ideal candidates for very large-scale integrated (VLSI) photonic circuits, since they provide a wide range of optical signal processing functions while being ultra-compact. Soliton pulses have sufficient stability for preservation of their shape and velocity. Technological progress in fields such as tunable narrow band laser systems, multiple transmission, and MRR systems constitute a base for the development of new transmission techniques. Controlling the speed of a light signal has many potential applications in fiber optic communication and quantum computing. The slow light effect has many important applications and is a key technology for all optical networks such as optical signal processing. Generation of slow light in MRRs is based on the nonlinear optical fibers. Slow light can be generated within the micro-ring devices, which will be able to be used with the mobile telephone. Therefore, the message can be kept encrypted via quantum cryptography. Thus perfect security in a mobile telephone network is plausible. This research study involves both numerical experiments and theoretical work based on MRRs for secured communication.
All-optical switching phenomena within a waveguide configuration are of considerable interest for routing and signal processing applications in communications systems. Two classes of device can be identified: those dependent on non-resonant ultrafast nonlinearities, capable of switching at the data-rate of ultra-high frequency signals; and those exploiting the much lower power resonant nonlinear phenomena which, due to their slower (> 100ps) response, are suitable as data-transparent switches capable of opening or closing the desired channels within a network under optical control.