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Nonlinear Guided Waves and Their Applications

Squeezed Vacuum Generation using a Quasiphasematched LiNbO3 Waveguide Parametric Amplifier

Darwin K. Serkland, M. M. Fejer, Robert L. Byer, Y. Yamamoto

Published Jan 1, 1995• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have measured phase-sensitive amplification and quadrature squeezing using a quasiphasematched LiNbO3 waveguide degenerate parametric amplifier. We observed a 14% reduction in the noise in one quadrature, compared to the vacuum state, which is in quantitative agreement with our phase-sensitive amplification measurements.
DOI
10.1364/nlgw.1995.pd6

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We report on an initial squeezing of 3.3 dB below the shot noise level, generated in bulk, quasi-phase-matched lithium niobate. This squeezing was generated by degenerate parametric amplification, at 1047 nm, of a mode-locked pulse train. We present a detailed comparison of the process performed in both the quasi-phase-matched material and in MgO:LiNbO3,{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{O}:\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{O}}_{3},MgO:LiNbO3​, which was phase matched using conventional birefringent methods. The single-pass gain measured was 2.5 from MgO:LiNbO3{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{O}:\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{O}}_{3}MgO:LiNbO3​ and 3.9 from periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN), although the former was affected by photorefractive damage. We directly recorded 1111%11 of noise reduction in the vacuum using the PPLN parametric amplifier, purely because the detection efficiency was so low in our experiment. The experimental data was fitted to a model which includes the initial squeezing level and the homodyne detector efficiency as free parameters. The observed squeezing agrees well with the a total detection efficiency of just 1616%16 and an initial squeezing level of 3.3 dB (53%) in PPLN.
Quantum fluctuations in an optical amplifier are of fundamental as well as technological significance and lead to basic limitations on noise performance. It is well-known that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of an injected signal is degraded in the amplification process due to added noise from thermal or (at best) vacuum fluctuations of the internal modes of the amplifier.[1] However, if the internal modes are coupled to a squeezed vacuum, the added noise in amplification can be reduced.[2] With this motivation, we have constructed a nondegenerate parametric amplifier whose idler mode is itself coupled to a squeezed vacuum, which is generated by a second parametric amplifier. Phase-sensitive noise amplification of a vacuum input to the signal mode is observed with the minimum amplified noise level 0.5dB below the usual phase-insensitive amplified noise level for the amplified signal of the same amplifier but with the idler mode coupled to a vacuum state. Prospects for improvement by increasing the squeezing that is coupled into the idler mode of the amplifier beyond the current level of 2dB as well as surprising results from our theoretical analysis which includes losses will be discussed.
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