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International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications for Business Engineering and Science (DCABES)

Continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with passive state in oceanic turbulence

Guojun Chen, Jianmin Yi, Ying Guo

Published Oct 1, 2022• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum communication, as an absolutely secure communication method, has been widely studied in recent years. While CVQKD is easier to realize and has efficient information transmission, has attracted more attention than DVQKD. And there is another kind of detection strategy which places the detector on a third party called continuous-variable measurement device independent quantum key distribution(CV -MDI), can lower the cost of implementation because it don't need such a high precision Gaussian modulator and thus can be commercialized easily. We apply a CV -MDI with passive-state preparation protocol to a oceanic turbulence model, and then we analyze the secret key rate and other performance of the protocol in the particular scenario.

DOI
10.1109/dcabes57229.2022.00025

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Quantum communication, as an absolutely secure communication method, has been widely studied in recent years. While CVQKD is easier to realize and has efficient information transmission, has attracted more attention than DVQKD. And there is another kind of detection strategy which places the detector on a third party called continuous-variable measurement device independent quantum key distribution(CV -MDI), can lower the cost of implementation because it don't need such a high precision Gaussian modulator and thus can be commercialized easily. We apply a CV -MDI with passive-state preparation protocol to a oceanic turbulence model, and then we analyze the secret key rate and other performance of the protocol in the particular scenario.
Building an underwater quantum network is necessary for various applications such as ocean exploration, environmental monitoring, and national defense. Motivated by characteristics of the oceanic turbulence channel, we suggest a machine learning approach to predicting the channel characteristics of continuous variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) in challenging seawater environments. We consider the passive continuous variable (CV) measurement-device-independent (MDI) QKD in oceanic scenarios, since the passive-state preparation scheme offers simpler linear elements for preparation, resulting in reduced interaction with the practical environment. To provide a practical reference for underwater quantum communications, we suggest a prediction of transmittance for the ocean quantum links with a given neural network as an example of machine learning algorithms. The results have a good consistency with the real data within the allowable error range; this makes the passive CVQKD more promising for commercialization and implementation.
A continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI QKD) protocol using squeezed states is proposed where the two legitimate partners send Gaussian-modulated squeezed states to an untrusted third party to realize the measurement. Security analysis shows that the protocol can not only defend all detector side channels, but also attain higher secret key rates than the coherent-state-based protocol. We also present a method to improve the squeezed-state CV-MDI QKD protocol by adding proper Gaussian noise to the reconciliation side. It is found that there is an optimal added noise to optimize the performance of the protocol in terms of both key rates and maximal transmission distances. The resulting protocol shows the potential of long-distance secure communication using the CV-MDI QKD protocol.
Continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI-QKD) allows remote parties to share information-theoretical secure keys while defending all the side-channel attacks on measurement devices. However, the secure transmission distance and the secret key rate are quite limited due to the high untrusted equivalent excess noise in the Gaussian modulation. More particularly, extremely high-efficiency homodyne detections are required for even non-zero secure transmission distances, which directly restrict its practical realization. Here, we propose a CV-MDI-QKD protocol by encoding the key information into matched discrete phases of two groups of coherent states, which decreases the required detection efficiency for ideally asymmetric cases, and makes it possible to practically achieve secure key distribution with current low-efficiency homodyne detections. Besides, a proof-of-principle experiment with a locally generated oscillator is implemented, which, for the first time, demonstrates the realizability of CV-MDI-QKD using all fiber-based devices. The discrete-modulated phase-matching method provides an alternative direction of an applicable quantum key distribution with practical security.
Abstract Continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI QKD) with Gaussian modulation, or with active state preparation, is immune to all detection-related security loopholes. Here, we first propose a scheme where Alice and Bob both passively prepare quantum states using a true thermal source, which is of lower cost and will contribute to the commercialization of CV-MDI QKD. In particular, Alice and Bob first split the output of a thermal source into two correlated modes via a beam splitter at their respective side. Then they measure one of the two modes using two conjugate homodyne detectors and transmit the other attenuated mode to Charlie independently for the Bell state measurement. Moreover, the homodyne detectors, with bright local oscillators, can act as a filter to selectively measure one single mode, which removes the rigid requirement of a single-mode thermal source. This specific conceptual scheme will contribute to the simplification of the experimental implementation of CV-MDI QKD.
The measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol is immune to imperfect measurement devices. However, its practicality and performance when implemented in continuous-variable (CV) mode are still not satisfactory. We propose a CV-MDI-QKD protocol based on modulated squeezed states, and analyze its security against two-mode Gaussian attack. The results show that the protocol can achieve a higher secret key rate and transmission distance than previous coherent-state and squeezed-state protocols. A method to compensate the imperfection of a practical homodyne detector using phase-sensitive optical amplifiers is also presented. By setting an appropriate optical amplification gain, realistic detectors with ordinary quantum efficiency can be employed. In addition, we discuss the impact of finite-size effects on the secret key rate of the protocol. The methods presented may aid in the practical application of the CV-MDI-QKD protocol.
Abstract Simultaneous two-way classical and quantum (STCQ) communication combines both continuous classical coherent optical communication and continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD), which eliminates all detection-related imperfections by being measurement-device-independent (MDI). In this paper, we propose a protocol relying on STCQ communication on the oceanic quantum channel, in which the superposition-modulation-based coherent states depend on the information bits of both the secret key and the classical communication ciphertext. We analyse the encoding combination in classical communication and consider the probability distribution transmittance under seawater turbulence with various interference factors. Our numerical simulations of various practical scenarios demonstrate that the proposed protocol can simultaneously enable two-way classical communication and CV-MDI QKD with just a slight performance degradation transmission distance compared to the original CV-MDI QKD scheme. Moreover, the asymmetric situation outperforms the symmetric case in terms of transmission distance and optical modulation variance. We further take into consideration the impact of finite-size effects to illustrate the applicability of the proposed scheme in practical scenarios. The results show the feasibility of the underwater STCQ scheme, which contributes toward developing a global quantum communication network in free space.