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Physical Review Letters

High-Dimensional Entanglement-Enabled Holography

Ling‐Jun Kong, Yifan Sun, Furong Zhang, Jingfeng Zhang, Xiangdong Zhang

Published Feb 2, 2023• 88 citations
Publisher

Abstract

As an important imaging technique, holography has been realized with different physical dimensions of light, including polarization, wavelength, and time. Recently, quantum holography has been demonstrated by utilizing polarization entangled state with the advantages of high robustness and enhanced spatial resolution, comparing with classical holography. However, the polarization is only a two-dimensional degree of freedom, which greatly limits the capacity of quantum holography. Here, we propose a method to realize high-dimensional quantum holography by using high-dimensional orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement. A high-capacity OAM-encoded quantum holographic system can be obtained by multiplexing a wide range of OAM-dependent holographic images. Proof-of-principle experiments with four- and six-dimensional OAM entangled states have been implemented and verify the feasibility of our idea. Our experimental results also demonstrate that the high-dimensional quantum holography shows a high robustness to classical noise. What is more, the level of security of the holographic imaging encryption system can be greatly improved in our high-dimensional quantum holography.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.130.053602

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As an important imaging technique, holography has been realized with different physical dimensions of light, including polarization, wavelength, and time. Recently, quantum holography has been demonstrated by utilizing polarization entangled state with the advantages of high robustness and enhanced spatial resolution, comparing with classical holography. However, the polarization is only a two-dimensional degree of freedom, which greatly limits the capacity of quantum holography. Here, we propose a method to realize high-dimensional quantum holography by using high-dimensional orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement. A high-capacity OAM-encoded quantum holographic system can be obtained by multiplexing a wide range of OAM-dependent holographic images. Proof-of-principle experiments with four- and six-dimensional OAM entangled states have been implemented and verify the feasibility of our idea. Our experimental results also demonstrate that the high-dimensional quantum holography shows a high robustness to classical noise. What is more, the level of security of the holographic imaging encryption system can be greatly improved in our high-dimensional quantum holography.
Abstract Cryptography plays an important role in information security, which is widely applied in the various fields of society. Quantum cryptography has shown its great advantages in information security compared with the classical one. Two major directions of quantum cryptography are quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum encryption, with the former focusing on secure key distribution and the latter focusing on encryption using quantum algorithms. In contrast to the well accepted success of the QKD, the development of quantum encryption is rather limited because of the difficulties of building up algorithms and the constructing the practical quantum computers. Here we propose a new scheme of quantum encryption based on high-dimensional entanglement holography. Firstly, we experimentally realize the quantum holography based on the high-dimensional orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement. Then, OAM-selective holographic scheme for quantum encryption is proposed and demonstrated. Our results show that introducing quantum entangled state into OAM holography makes the OAM holography possess infinite information channels and the transmission of information be absolute security in principle. Furthermore, decryption in the presence of strong noise is achieved. Our work opens up a new way to realize quantum information security.
Currently, most quantum holography schemes adopt reconstructing images from the second-order correlation information or fiber scanning, which are both non-visualized, meanwhile making three-dimensional (3D) quantum holography a big challenge.Here, we implement the visualized quantum 3D orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) holography in the twin photon system, where the OAM-multiplexing hologram within two imaging planes and three OAM channels in the signal arm is selectively read out and directly displayed on an intensified CMOS camera by switching the OAM state in the idler arm.A thousands-of-times acceleration of the holographic reconstruction process is achieved with the maintenance of the OAM feature for each pixel compared to the scanning approach.The 3D imaging feature in a quantum holography system provides additional freedom for further improving the capacity of holographic information transmission and encryption.
We propose an orbital angular momentum (OAM) quantum holography scheme based on multi-mode Bessel-Gaussian (MBG) beams. Entangled photon pairs are generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) process, and the axis prism parameters and topological charges of the idler photons are used for encoding to construct Bessel-Gaussian quantum selective holograms; then, the corresponding mode parameters carried by the signal photons are used for correlated decoding and information reconstruction. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results show that this scheme can effectively realize OAM quantum holography based on Bessel-Gaussian modes encoding. Compared with traditional single OAM encoding methods, our scheme introduce an additional mode degrees of freedom, which can enhance multiplexing dimension and encoding capacity; at the same time, relying on the non-classical correlation characteristics of entangled photons, quantum holography has a potential advantages in noise-resistance performance.
This study investigates quantum holography, emphasizing its capability to conduct holographic imaging without the requirement for first-order coherence—a limitation of classical physics. By harnessing quantum entanglement, where image data is embedded in the phase correlation of polarization-entangled photon pairs and spread across the transverse spatial dimension, quantum holography enhances imaging performance. This technique not only improves resolution for polarization-sensitive phase objects but also provides resilience against stochastic phase fluctuations and uncontrolled ambient light, offering significant tangible benefits compared to conventional holography. Additionally, its integration with quantum tomography enables precise analysis of multi-dimensional hyper-entangled states, advancing quantum state analysis. Although current challenges remain, such as extended acquisition times due to technological constraints, ongoing advancements in faster, more affordable sensors are expected to address these issues. As a result, quantum holography is poised to have broad applications in biological imaging, sensing, and the exploration of complex high-dimensional quantum states. These developments position quantum holography as a crucial technology in the future of quantum optical communication and information processing, driving innovation and opening new avenues in these fields.
This paper proposes an OAM quantum holography scheme based on multi-mode Bessel–Gauss (MBG) beams. Entangled photon pairs are generated through the SPDC process, and the axis prism parameters and topological charges of the idler photons are used for encoding to construct Bessel–Gauss quantum selective holograms; then, the corresponding mode parameters carried by the signal photons are used for correlated decoding and information reconstruction. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results show that this scheme can effectively realize OAM quantum holography based on Bessel–Gauss mode encoding, verifying its correctness and feasibility. Compared with traditional single OAM encoding methods, this scheme introduces additional mode degrees of freedom, enhancing the system’s multiplexing dimension and encoding capacity; at the same time, relying on the non-classical correlation characteristics of entangled photons, quantum holography has potential advantages in noise-resistance performance.
Abstract Electromagnetic waves have both spin momentum and orbital angular momentum (OAM). Light carrying OAM has broad applications in micro-particle manipulation, high-precision optical metrology, and potential high-capacity optical communications. In the concept of quantum information, a photon encoded with information in its OAM degree of freedom enables quantum networks to carry much more information and increase their channel capacity greatly compared with those of current technology because of the inherent infinite dimensions for OAM. Quantum memories are indispensable to construct quantum networks. Storing OAM states has attracted considerable attention recently, and many important advances in this direction have been achieved during the past few years. Here we review recent experimental realizations of quantum memories using OAM states, including OAM qubits and qutrits at true single photon level, OAM states entangled in a two-dimensional or a high-dimensional space, hyperentanglement and hybrid entanglement consisting of OAM and other degree of freedom in a physical system. We believe that all achievements described here are very helpful to study quantum information encoded in a high-dimensional space.