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arXiv:2604.24774

Multi-modes Bessel-Gaussian-Orbital Angular Momentum Beams Quantum Holography

Jinjin Li, Chaoying Zhao

physics.opticsquant-phSubmitted Apr 16, 2026• Announced Apr 17, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

We propose an orbital angular momentum (OAM) quantum holography scheme based on multi-mode Bessel-Gaussian (MBG) beams. Entangled photon pairs are generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) process, and the axis prism parameters and topological charges of the idler photons are used for encoding to construct Bessel-Gaussian quantum selective holograms; then, the corresponding mode parameters carried by the signal photons are used for correlated decoding and information reconstruction. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results show that this scheme can effectively realize OAM quantum holography based on Bessel-Gaussian modes encoding. Compared with traditional single OAM encoding methods, our scheme introduce an additional mode degrees of freedom, which can enhance multiplexing dimension and encoding capacity; at the same time, relying on the non-classical correlation characteristics of entangled photons, quantum holography has a potential advantages in noise-resistance performance.

Comments
7 pages, 10 figures, 25 references

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We propose an orbital angular momentum (OAM) quantum holography scheme based on multi-mode Bessel-Gaussian (MBG) beams. Entangled photon pairs are generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) process, and the axis prism parameters and topological charges of the idler photons are used for encoding to construct Bessel-Gaussian quantum selective holograms; then, the corresponding mode parameters carried by the signal photons are used for correlated decoding and information reconstruction. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results show that this scheme can effectively realize OAM quantum holography based on Bessel-Gaussian modes encoding. Compared with traditional single OAM encoding methods, our scheme introduce an additional mode degrees of freedom, which can enhance multiplexing dimension and encoding capacity; at the same time, relying on the non-classical correlation characteristics of entangled photons, quantum holography has a potential advantages in noise-resistance performance.
This paper proposes an OAM quantum holography scheme based on multi-mode Bessel–Gauss (MBG) beams. Entangled photon pairs are generated through the SPDC process, and the axis prism parameters and topological charges of the idler photons are used for encoding to construct Bessel–Gauss quantum selective holograms; then, the corresponding mode parameters carried by the signal photons are used for correlated decoding and information reconstruction. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results show that this scheme can effectively realize OAM quantum holography based on Bessel–Gauss mode encoding, verifying its correctness and feasibility. Compared with traditional single OAM encoding methods, this scheme introduces additional mode degrees of freedom, enhancing the system’s multiplexing dimension and encoding capacity; at the same time, relying on the non-classical correlation characteristics of entangled photons, quantum holography has potential advantages in noise-resistance performance.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: High-dimensional quantum entanglement offers an increase in information capacity per photon; a highly desirable property for quantum information processes such as quantum communication, computation and teleportation. As the orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes of light span an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space, they have become frontrunners in achieving entanglement in higher dimensions. In light of this, we investigate the potential of OAM entanglement of photons by controlling the parameters in both the generation and measurement systems. We show the experimental procedures and apparatus involved in generating and measuring entangled photons in two-dimensions. We verify important quantum tests such as the Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) paradox using OAM and angle correlations, as well as a violation of a Bell-type inequality. By performing a full state tomography, we characterise our quantum state and show we have a pure, highly entangled quantum state. We demonstrate that this method can be extended to higher dimensions. The experimental techniques used to generate and measure OAM entanglement place an upper bound on the number of accessible OAM modes. As such, we investigate new methods in which to increase the spiral bandwidth of our generated quantum state. We alter the shape of the pump beam in spontaneous parametric down-conversion and demonstrate an effect on both OAM and angle correlations. We also made changes to the measurement scheme by projecting the photon pairs into the Bessel-Gaussian (BG) basis and demonstrate entanglement in this basis. We show that this method allows the measured spiral bandwidth to be optimised by simply varying the continuous radial parameter of the BG modes. We demonstrate that BG modes can be entangled in higher dimensions compared with the commonly used helical modes by calculating and comparing the linear entropy and fidelity for both modes. We also show that quantum entanglement can be accurately simulated using classical light using back-projection, which allows the study of projective measurements and predicts the strength of the coincidence correlations in an entanglement experiment. Finally, we make use of each of the techniques to demonstrate the effect of a perturbation on OAM entanglement measured in the BG basis. We investigate the self-healing property of BG beams and show that the classical property is translated to the quantum regime. By calculating the concurrence, we see that measured entanglement recovers after encountering an obstruction.
Currently, most quantum holography schemes adopt reconstructing images from the second-order correlation information or fiber scanning, which are both non-visualized, meanwhile making three-dimensional (3D) quantum holography a big challenge.Here, we implement the visualized quantum 3D orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) holography in the twin photon system, where the OAM-multiplexing hologram within two imaging planes and three OAM channels in the signal arm is selectively read out and directly displayed on an intensified CMOS camera by switching the OAM state in the idler arm.A thousands-of-times acceleration of the holographic reconstruction process is achieved with the maintenance of the OAM feature for each pixel compared to the scanning approach.The 3D imaging feature in a quantum holography system provides additional freedom for further improving the capacity of holographic information transmission and encryption.
In this paper we consider geometrical two-photon optics of Bessel-Gaussian modes generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion of a Gaussian pump beam. We provide a general theoretical expression for the orbital angular momentum (OAM) spectrum and Schmidt number in this basis and show how this may be varied by control over the radial degree of freedom, a continuous parameter in Bessel-Gaussian modes. As a test we first implement a back-projection technique to classically predict, by experiment, the quantum correlations for Bessel-Gaussian modes produced by three holographic masks: a blazed axicon, a binary axicon, and a binary Bessel function. We then proceed to test the theory on the down-converted photons using the binary Bessel mask. We experimentally quantify the number of usable OAM modes and confirm the theoretical prediction of a flattening in the OAM spectrum and a concomitant increase in the OAM bandwidth. The results have implications for the control of dimensionality in quantum states.
The bandwidth of any communication system, classical or quantum, is limited by the number of orthogonal states in which the information can be encoded. Quantum key distribution systems available commercially rely on the two-dimensional polarisation state of photons. Quantum computation has also been largely designed on the basis of qubits. However, a photon is endowed with other degrees of freedom, such as orbital angular momentum (OAM). OAM is an attractive basis to be used for quantum information because it is discrete and theoretically infinite-dimensional. This promises a higher information capacity per photon which can lead to more complex quantum computation protocols and more security and robustness for quantum cryptography. Entanglement of OAM naturally arises from spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). However, any practical experiment utilising the innately high-dimensional entanglement of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) state space of photons is subject to the modal capacity of the detection system. Only a finite subset of this space is accessible experimentally. Given such a constraint, we show that the number of measured, entangled OAM modes in photon pairs generated by SPDC can be increased by tuning the phase-matching conditions in the SPDC process. We achieve this by tuning the orientation angle of the nonlinear crystal generating the entangled photons.
As an important imaging technique, holography has been realized with different physical dimensions of light, including polarization, wavelength, and time. Recently, quantum holography has been demonstrated by utilizing polarization entangled state with the advantages of high robustness and enhanced spatial resolution, comparing with classical holography. However, the polarization is only a two-dimensional degree of freedom, which greatly limits the capacity of quantum holography. Here, we propose a method to realize high-dimensional quantum holography by using high-dimensional orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement. A high-capacity OAM-encoded quantum holographic system can be obtained by multiplexing a wide range of OAM-dependent holographic images. Proof-of-principle experiments with four- and six-dimensional OAM entangled states have been implemented and verify the feasibility of our idea. Our experimental results also demonstrate that the high-dimensional quantum holography shows a high robustness to classical noise. What is more, the level of security of the holographic imaging encryption system can be greatly improved in our high-dimensional quantum holography.