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Nature

Exotic pairing of charge carriers seen in a quantum simulation

Published Jan 18, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A phenomenon known as unconventional superconductivity allows electric current to flow without resistance at unusually high temperatures, but the necessary pairing of charge carriers is poorly understood in modern physics. Using an optical microscope, an experimental demonstration of such a pairing has been achieved in a simple system. Quantum-gas microscopy experiment sheds light on unconventional superconductivity.

DOI
10.1038/d41586-022-04520-8

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Researchers have devised a way to use atoms in optical lattices to model high-temperature superconductors, whose behavior is not yet fully understood.By Ryan Wilkinson C ertain materials become superconducting when their electrons pair up.This phenomenon is well understood in conventional superconductors, which operate only at extremely low temperatures.But it remains obscure in some unconventional superconductors, which can function at surprisingly high temperatures.Now Henning Schlömer at the University of Munich and his colleagues have proposed a method to investigate electron behavior in these high-temperature superconductors using a quantum simulator based on atoms arranged in lattices of laser light [1].
Researchers have developed an ion-optics-based quantum microscope that has sufficient resolution to image individual atoms.By Arturo Camacho-Guardian O ne of the biggest unsolved problems in condensed-matter physics is explaining the origin of high-temperature superconductivity, a phenomenon where materials conduct electricity with zero resistance at temperatures well above those predicted by theory.Researchers think that the behavior is made possible by strong interactions among a material's constituents.But, because of the complexity of these systems, numerical calculations of their behaviors are unfeasible, making it hard to confirm this-or any other-theoretical idea.Experiments offer opportunities for
Understanding unconventional superconductivity involves unraveling the pairing mechanism of charge carriers in doped antiferromagnets, where Cooper pairs form despite repulsive interactions. This paper examines a model relevant to bilayer nickelate superconductors, revealing a transition from tightly bound to spatially extended pairs as repulsion increases. At strong repulsion, a microscopic pairing mechanism is identified that leads to robust pairing with a peak in binding energies at around 30% doping, which can be tested using quantum simulators.
Various BCS-like pairing theories are still invariably used to describe the unusual superconducting/superfluid states and properties of condensed matters without clarifying the fermionic or bosonic nature of Cooper pairs and the relevant mechanisms of superconductivity and superfluidity. We show that the bosonization of Cooper pairs and the novel superconductivity and superfluidity resulting from the condensation of an attractive Bose gas of Cooper pairs into a superfluid state in high-Tc cuprates and other exotic systems occur under the condition εF≲2εA (where εF is the Fermi energy, εA is the energy of the effective attraction between fermions). We argue that the simple BCS criterion (i.e. formation of an energy gap on the Fermi surface) is insufficient for the occurrence of unconventional superconductivity (superfluidity) and the superconducting/superfluid transition in attractive Bose systems is more λ-like than the usual Bose–Einstein condensation. The new and specific criteria for unconventional superconductivity and superfluidity are formulated. Mean-field theory of the three- and two-dimensional superfluid Bose condensates of Cooper pairs describes reasonably well the novel superconducting states (i.e., two distinct superconducting phases below the bulk superconducting transition temperature Tc and a vortex-like state above Tc) and properties (such as λ-like transition at Tc, first-order phase transition and gapless bosonic excitations somewhat below Tc or even far below Tc) of high-Tc cuprates in full agreement with the experimental findings. The unusual superconducting/superfluid states and properties of heavy-fermion and organic compounds, Sr2RuO4, 3He, 4He and atomic Fermi gases are explained more clearly by this theory.
A key step in unraveling the mysteries of materials exhibiting unconventional superconductivity is to understand the underlying pairing mechanism. While it is widely agreed upon that the pairing glue in many of these systems originates from antiferromagnetic spin correlations, a microscopic description of pairs of charge carriers remains lacking. Here we use state-of-the art numerical methods to probe the internal structure and dynamical properties of pairs of charge carriers in quantum antiferromagnets in four-legged cylinders. Exploiting the full momentum resolution in our simulations, we are able to distinguish two qualitatively different types of bound states: a highly mobile, meta-stable pair, which has a dispersion proportional to the hole hopping t, and a heavy pair, which can only move due to spin exchange processes and turns into a flat band in the Ising limit of the model. Understanding the pairing mechanism can on the one hand pave the way to boosting binding energies in related models, and on the other hand enable insights into the intricate competition of various phases of matter in strongly correlated electron systems.
Dichotomy of heavy and light pairs of holes in the t−Jt-Jt−J model
A key step in unraveling the mysteries of materials exhibiting unconventional superconductivity is to understand the underlying pairing mechanism. While it is widely agreed upon that the pairing glue in many of these systems originates from antiferromagnetic spin correlations, a microscopic description of pairs of charge carriers remains lacking. Here we use state-of-the art numerical methods to probe the internal structure and dynamical properties of pairs of charge carriers in quantum antiferromagnets in four-legged cylinders. Exploiting the full momentum resolution in our simulations, we are able to distinguish two qualitatively different types of bound states: a highly mobile, meta-stable pair, which has a dispersion proportional to the hole hopping ttt, and a heavy pair, which can only move due to spin exchange processes and turns into a flat band in the Ising limit of the model. Understanding the pairing mechanism can on the one hand pave the way to boosting binding energies in related models, and on the other hand enable insights into the intricate competition of various phases of matter in strongly correlated electron systems.