Following our previous frugal experiments of low-intensity laser irradiation on potable water, allow us to present a few considerations why this writer thinks that these are a pathway towards realistic tunneling experiment especially in the context of quantum (liquid) crystalline Cosmology. First of all, allow us to recall our preceding articles in CTPNP 2019, and also in Octogon Magazine 2022 regarding exact correspondence between Maxwell equations of classical electrodynamics and Dirac equations. What is more interesting is that it can be shown that fine structure of hydrogen spectrum can be described alternatively by classical electromagnetic considerations, therefore it supports our previous conclusion of such correspondence between electromagnetic equations and Dirac equation of quantum mechanics. Secondly, a series of extended experiments on laser irradiated cold water may suggest possible transition from liquid phase of water to be at least partially fourth phase of water, which may be composed of crystalline water (see e.g. Gerald Pollack, and also Harold Aspden on liquid crystalline). If we can imagine laser cooling effect can be done in protracted time, then we can achieve a physical representation of Aspden‘s liquid crystalline, or in a more mathematical term, Wigner crystal. In that sense, the fourth phase of water can be considered as a quantum system which can undergo quantum tunneling. In that sense, quantum tunneling of 1D Wigner crystal has been already considered. Last but not least, we also consider testimony by certain Admiral that he saw Unidentified Submerged Objects instead of more common term UFO. This makes more sense especially in light of observations of underwatersubmerged built structures or pyramids which are thousands years old. All of these seem to suggest a possibility that USO saucers may prefer to keep being in cold underwater or Arctic region because it is much easier for them to go tunneling to extra galactic or other far distance travelling, cf for instance [14]. Nonetheless, we understood that this is merely hypothetical.
Following our previous frugal experiments of low-intensity laser irradiation on potable water, allow us to present a few considerations why this writer thinks that these are a pathway towards realistic tunneling experiment especially in the context of quantum (liquid) crystalline Cosmology. First of all, allow us to recall our preceding articles in CTPNP 2019, and also in Octogon Magazine 2022 regarding exact correspondence between Maxwell equations of classical electrodynamics and Dirac equations. What is more interesting is that it can be shown that fine structure of hydrogen spectrum can be described alternatively by classical electromagnetic considerations, therefore it supports our previous conclusion of such correspondence between electromagnetic equations and Dirac equation of quantum mechanics. Secondly, a series of extended experiments on laser irradiated cold water may suggest possible transition from liquid phase of water to be at least partially fourth phase of water, which may be composed of crystalline water (see e.g. Gerald Pollack, and also Harold Aspden on liquid crystalline). If we can imagine laser cooling effect can be done in protracted time, then we can achieve a physical representation of Aspden‘s liquid crystalline, or in a more mathematical term, Wigner crystal. In that sense, the fourth phase of water can be considered as a quantum system which can undergo quantum tunneling. In that sense, quantum tunneling of 1D Wigner crystal has been already considered. Last but not least, we also consider testimony by certain Admiral that he saw Unidentified Submerged Objects instead of more common term UFO. This makes more sense especially in light of observations of underwatersubmerged built structures or pyramids which are thousands years old. All of these seem to suggest a possibility that USO saucers may prefer to keep being in cold underwater or Arctic region because it is much easier for them to go tunneling to extra galactic or other far distance travelling, cf for instance [14]. Nonetheless, we understood that this is merely hypothetical.
Introduction In this chapter we provide a comprehensive and unified treatment of the physical concepts and quantities relevant to phase transitions and critical phenomena. Some of these concepts and quantities have already been discussed in the particular contexts of magnetism (Chapter 7), or liquid crystals (Chapter 9, We conclude the chapter with a brief reference to the application of renormalisation group ideas to critical phenomena. The resulting reconciliation of the predictions of classical theories with experiments and exact or quasi-exact solutions of model systems is a major triumph of twentieth-century physics. Phases and phase transitions Thermodynamics habitually deals with equilibrium systems that are uniform on the macroscopic scale – i.e., where the structure, density and composition are the same throughout the bulk of the system, which is many times greater than a single atom or molecule. Because the system is in equilibrium, intensive thermodynamic variables such as the temperature or chemical potential are also spatially uniform. Such a system is said to consist of a single phase – it is a one-phase system. Phases are what used to be called the states of matter. Solids, liquids, gases and plasmas are four commonly occurring phases – they correspond to the four elements of Aristotelian physics: earth, water, air and fire, respectively. There are, however, many other, less easily identified phases, some of which we have already encountered in this book, such as the ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, nematic or superconducting phases. On varying the temperature, pressure and chemical potential(s) of a system, properties such as its structure, density, composition, compressibility, specific heat, etc., in general change smoothly. Yet under certain conditions the changes may be abrupt – some of these properties may exhibit discontinuities, or even divergences, at a phase transition . Phase transitions are among the most spectacular phenomena of nature. Consider, for instance, the phase sequence of water on heating: from ice, an opaque, slippery, rock-like solid; to colourless, incompressible, liquid water, which nevertheless easily flows under gravity; to water vapour, an invisible and very low-density (greenhouse!) gas, hence of ill-defined volume.
Since the early days of quantum mechanics, tunneling has been recognized as one of the hallmarks of the wave character of microscopic physics. The possibility of a quantum particle to penetrate an energetic barrier represents certainly one of the most spectacular implications of quantum theory and has led to various applications in nuclear, atomic, and molecular physics as well as in mesoscopic science. Typical scenarios in which tunneling manifests are the escape route of a quantum particle from a quasibounded region, the transition between two or more symmetry-related, but classically disconnected wells (which we shall focus on in the following), as well as scattering or transport through potential barriers. The spectrum of scenarios becomes even richer when the concept of tunneling is generalized to any kind of classically forbidden transitions in phase space, that is, to transitions that are not necessarily inhibited by static potential barriers but by some other constraints of the underlying classical dynamics (such as integrals of motion). Such “dynamical tunneling” processes arise frequently in molecular systems [1] and were realized with cold atoms propagating in periodically modulated optical lattices [2-4]. Moreover, the electromagnetic analog of dynamical tunneling was also obtained with microwaves in billiards [5].
Quantum state tomography aims to reconstruct the quantum state of a system, including its phase and coherence information. In electron tomography experiments, the reconstructed object is understood as the quantum state of the electron. However, for charged particles, the bare electron state is gauge dependent: ψ(x)→eieΛ(x)/ℏψ(x). This raises a fundamental question: how can an experiment reconstruct a gauge-dependent quantum state? One possible resolution is that tomography does not reconstruct the bare electron state but instead a gauge-invariant dressed electron state, ΨD=W[A]ψ, where the electromagnetic dressing compensates the gauge transformation of the electron field. In this paper, we examine this alternative possibility and show that it is not viable. We prove a structural no-go theorem showing that measurement interactions generated by the QED current coupling cannot directly measure a gauge-invariant dressed electron state. We further show that although interpreting tomography as the reconstruction of the reduced electron state of a dressed electron is possible, the dressed-electron interpretation fails in the Aharonov--Bohm effect: the dressed formalism can reproduce the observed phase only as a mathematical redefinition, not as a physically dynamical mechanism. Consequently, the quantum state reconstructed in electron tomography is indeed the bare electron state, as assumed in the standard interpretation of these experiments. The experimental reconstruction of this gauge-dependent quantum state implies that the electromagnetic potential entering the quantum dynamics cannot be regarded as merely a conventional mathematical artifact. Rather, it must correspond to a real physical configuration uniquely determined by the complete physical laws governing the electromagnetic field, such as Maxwell's equations together with the Lorenz condition, and by the appropriate boundary and causal conditions. This provides empirical support for the reality of the electromagnetic potential Aμ. The same reasoning suggests an analogous conclusion for gravity, where the reconstruction of bare quantum states supports the reality of the gravitational field gμν.
Photon-photon Interaction has already been described in 2005 and measured in 2011. By D. Englund e.o. in Ultrafast Photon-Photon Interaction in a Strongly Coupled Quantum Dot-Cavity System (2) . This manuscript explains the origin and the mathematical approach in Maxwell’s theory to explain this quantum mechanical effect. To understand, to describe and to calculate this unique phenomenon, we have to go back in time. Before the famous 1927 Sovay Conference to the time before Maxwelll published his famous set of 4 Electromagnetic Equations. To create a new path in Classical Physics to explain Modern Quantum Physics. The famous 1927 Solvay Conference was considered a turning point in the world of Physics. The scientific realists like Albert Einstein had lost and the instrumentalists like Niels Bohr had won the fundamental conflict. Since then Physics has followed the path of the instrumentalists in which Quantum Physics has been determined by the concept of Elementary Particles and Probability Waves. Until May 2013, when for the first time a photo had been made of the Probability Waves Inside the Hydrogen Atom . It should be impossible to make a photo of a non-existing complex probability wave with mass zero But the fact could not be denied anymore that scientists had succeeded to make the “complex” and the “non-existing” quantum mechanical “Probability Wave” visible. Since the Copenhagen Interpretation there is still no clarity about the physical interpretation of the Quantum Mechanical “Probability Wave Function”This Manuscript describes a third unknown interpretation of the Quantum Mechanical “Probability Wave Function”. A fundamental physical interpretation that will change the generally accepted Copenhagen Interpretation. This Manuscript will answer the fundamental question: Does an alternative theory exist in which the existence of this particular photo, of the Quantum Mechanical Probability Wave within the Hydrogen Atom, could be explained. And that the famous photo of the Hydrogen Atom can be explained in a logical and a simple way. To find the answer, we have to go back in time. Back 300 years in time to the moment when Isaac Newton discovered the beauty and one of the many secrets of the light. The moment when science walked away from light. And we return to the fundamental question: “Is it possible to build Matter out of Light (confined electromagnetic waves)?” To answer the fundamental question: Is it possible to create Matter out of Light?, we first have to answer the question how we have come to this world of Probability Waves and Elementary Particles and Quantum Physics.Louis de Broglie described in 1924 in his PhD thesis the wave properties of matter. Erwin Schrödinger published in 1926 the well-known Schrödinger wave equation with the characteristic spherical and elliptical wave solutions. To describe these material waves, the immediately and first explanation was: “There is only one possibility. These are “electromagnetic waves”. De Broglie waves are ” Light Waves”. Because these were the only waves, known in the world of Physics. But there was a fundamental problem. These material waves, discovered by Louis de Broglie and mathematically described by Erwin Schrödinger could never be solutions of the well-known 4 equations of James Clerk Maxwell. The material waves were spherical and elliptical solutions and that was impossible for the solutions of the Maxwell Equations. According to the Maxwell Equations, light always travels along a straight path. A second problem was that the model of the atom of Bohr could not hold. How could an electron be everywhere at the same time in a kind of a spherical shell surrounding the nucleus. And be a particle at the same time. And Bohr found a compromise to declare the “De Broglie” waves to be the probability waves. Two problems were solved. Bohr’s planetary model could hold. And there was a name for the unknown material waves, discovered by Louis de Broglie and mathematically described by Erwin Schrödinger. The theory of “Probability Waves, Elementary Particles and Quantum Physics” had been created. To find a possibility, to create matter out of light we have to go back to the Equations of James Clerk Maxwell. The only possibility to declare the probability waves, discovered by Louis de Broglie, to be electromagnetic waves, to be light, and to be the building element of our universe, is to find evidence that he Maxwell Equations are not complete and that it is possible to confine light (electromagnetic waves) in spherical and elliptical shapes. A new equation has to be found. In this article it has been claimed that this missing equation is equation (5). Because the Theory of General Relativity has been built on the Einstein-Maxwell Equation, a new equation has to be found that describes in a generalized way the interaction between light and matter. This missing equation is equation (5-a).