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IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps)

Performance of Quantum Preprocessing under Phase Noise

Zuhra Amiri, Boulat A. Bash, Janis Nötzel

Published Dec 4, 2022• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Optical fiber transmission systems form the back-bone of today’s communication networks and will be of high importance for future networks as well. Among the prominent noise effects in optical fiber is phase noise, which is induced by the Kerr effect. This effect limits the data transmission capacity of these networks and incurs high processing load on the receiver. At the same time, quantum information processing techniques offer more efficient solutions but are believed to be inefficient in terms of size, power consumption and resistance to noise. Here we investigate the concept of an all-optical joint detection receiver. We show how it contributes to enabling higher baud-rates for optical transmission systems when used as a pre-processor, even under high levels of noise induced by the Kerr effect.

DOI
10.1109/gcwkshps56602.2022.10008728

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Optical fiber transmission systems form the back-bone of today’s communication networks and will be of high importance for future networks as well. Among the prominent noise effects in optical fiber is phase noise, which is induced by the Kerr effect. This effect limits the data transmission capacity of these networks and incurs high processing load on the receiver. At the same time, quantum information processing techniques offer more efficient solutions but are believed to be inefficient in terms of size, power consumption and resistance to noise. Here we investigate the concept of an all-optical joint detection receiver. We show how it contributes to enabling higher baud-rates for optical transmission systems when used as a pre-processor, even under high levels of noise induced by the Kerr effect.
Optical fiber transmission systems form the backbone of today's communication networks and will be of high importance for future networks as well. Among the prominent noise effects in optical fiber is phase noise, which is induced by the Kerr effect. This effect limits the data transmission capacity of these networks and incurs high processing load on the receiver. At the same time, quantum information processing techniques offer more efficient solutions but are believed to be inefficient in terms of size, power consumption and resistance to noise. Here we investigate the concept of an all-optical joint detection receiver. We show how it contributes to enabling higher baud-rates for optical transmission systems when used as a pre-processor, even under high levels of noise induced by the Kerr effect.
Spontaneous emission noise limits the capacity and range of photonic communications systems that use linear optical amplifiers. We consider here the question of phase detection in such systems. Amplitude-to-phase-noise conversion occurs owing to the nonlinear Kerr effect in the transmission fiber, resulting in optimal phase noise performance when the nonlinear phase shift of the system is approximately 1 rad. Error-free state-of-the-art systems that use phase detection at multigigabit rates are thereby limited to a range of a few thousand kilometers.
In previous research on quantum information the- ory, channel capacity of the lossy bosonic channel that is a model of free space or an ideal optical fiber was shown. However, in the optical space communication, the influence of temporal and spatial change in the propagation path on the quantum communication has not been clarified. In order to clarify them, we have studied properties of quantum communications via channels with various fluctuations. We consider phase noise since phase fluctuates by a slight drift of the receiver and it has not been considered well compared to amplitude fluctuation. In this paper, we compute the error probability of the optimum quantum receiver in the presence of phase noise and compare with that of homodyne receiver when BPSK coherent-state signals are used. Then we consider the robustness of the optimum receiver against phase fluctuations. I. INTRODUCTION In order to increase the communication rate, higher fre- quency signals should be used. Light wave has a very high frequency in particular, optical communication systems using this were realized by the invention of the laser. Currently, optical fiber communication systems which consist of laser light source, optical fiber, and photodetector have come to be generally used. Moreover, light is also a promising carrier for wireless or space communications with high capacity. However, the performance of communication systems of this scheme has been approached to the theoretical limit. The factor is due to quantum mechanical effects of light, called quantum noise. Quantum noise increases in proportion to the frequency of the electromagnetic wave. Therefore, it cannot be ignored in the high frequency band, such as optical frequency. In addition, quantum noise is essentially different from the classical noise such as thermal noise. Therefore, it is not possible to suppress quantum noise using information theory which is the basis of current communication technology. That is, in order to realize higher communication rate, a theory which can describe accurately the quantum mechanical nature of light is required. For this reason, we should study quantum information theory which had been introduced axioms of quantum mechanics into the conventional information theory (2), (3), (4). As a previous study, the channel capacity of the lossy bosonic channel which is a model of free space and optical fiber communications was shown (5). That is, performance of ideal quantum communication was clarified. Therefore, as the next step, a study aiming at the actual use is required. As an example, the study on communication model that takes account of the propagation path environment will be needed. In classical communication, such models have been studied as a theory for realizing mobile communications, etc. However, in quantum communication, there are few such results of study now. This study is intended to clarify the influence of temporal and spatial change of the propagation path environment for the quantum communication. We consider phase noise since phase fluctuates by a slight drift of the receiver and it has not been considered well compared to amplitude fluctuation.
Abstract Optical communication is the standard for high-bandwidth information transfer in today’s digital age. The increasing demand for bandwidth has led to the maturation of coherent transceivers that use phase- and amplitude-modulated optical signals to encode more bits of information per transmitted pulse. Such encoding schemes achieve higher information density, but also require more complicated receivers to discriminate the signaling states. In fact, achieving the ultimate limit of optical communication capacity, especially in the low light regime, requires coherent joint detection of multiple pulses. Despite their superiority, such joint detection receivers are not in widespread use because of the difficulty of constructing them in the optical domain. In this work we describe how optomechanical transduction of phase information from coherent optical pulses to superconducting qubit states followed by the execution of trained short-depth variational quantum circuits can perform joint detection of communication codewords with error probabilities that surpass all classical, individual pulse detection receivers. Importantly, we utilize a model of optomechanical transduction that captures non-idealities such as thermal noise and loss in order to understand the transduction performance necessary to achieve a quantum advantage with such a scheme. We also execute the trained variational circuits on an IBM-Q device with the modeled transduced states as input to demonstrate that a quantum advantage is possible even with current levels of quantum computing hardware noise.
Because noise is inherent to all measurements, optical communication requires error identification and correction to protect and recover user data. Yet, error correction, routinely used in classical receivers, has not been applied to receivers that take advantage of quantum measurement. Here, we show how information uniquely available in a quantum measurement can be employed for efficient error correction. Our quantum-enabled forward error correction protocol operates on quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and achieves more than 80 dB error suppression compared to the raw symbol error rate and approximately 40 dB improvement of symbol error rates beyond the QPSK classical limit. With a symbol error rate below 10−9 for just 11 photons per bit, this approach enables reliable use of quantum receivers for ultra-low power optical communications. Limiting optical power improves the information capacity of optical links and enables scalable networks with coexisting quantum and classical channels in the same optical fiber.
Non-conventional receivers for phase-coherent states based on non-Gaussian measurements such as photon counting surpass the sensitivity limits of shot-noise-limited coherent receivers, the quantum noise limit (QNL). These non-Gaussian receivers can have a significant impact in future coherent communication technologies. However, random phase changes in realistic communication channels, such as optical fibers, present serious challenges for extracting the information encoded in coherent states. While there are methods for correcting random phase noise with conventional heterodyne detection, phase-tracking for non-Gaussian receivers surpassing the QNL is still an open problem. Here we demonstrate phase tracking for non-Gaussian receivers to correct for time-varying phase noise while allowing for decoding beyond the QNL. The phase-tracking method performs real-time parameter estimation and correction of phase drifts using the data from the non-Gaussian discrimination measurement, without relying on phase reference pilot fields. This method enables non-Gaussian receivers to achieve higher sensitivities and rates of information transfer than ideal coherent receivers in realistic channels with time-varying phase noise. This demonstration makes sub-QNL receivers a more robust, feasible, and practical quantum technology for classical and quantum communications.