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IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements and Applications (CAMA)

Detection of microwave electric field based on multiple atomic vapor cells

Yingyun Zhang, Weimin Ruan, Zhigang Feng, Zhenfei Song, Jifeng Qu

Published Dec 14, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Most studies on Rydberg atom-based microwave electric field measurement are achieved by using a single atomic vapor cell. In this work, we design an 1×4 uniform linear array of vapor cells by splitting the probe laser and coupling laser, and achieve simultaneous measurement of the microwave electric fields at the center of four vapor cells using Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency method. At the frequency of the microwave electric field with about 6.92GHz, the measured AT splitting at four different spatial locations is linearly related to the square root of power of the microwave electric field. The microwave measurement for different spatial location allows the Rydberg atoms to meet the need of communications and radar better.

DOI
10.1109/cama56352.2022.10002544

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Most studies on Rydberg atom-based microwave electric field measurement are achieved by using a single atomic vapor cell. In this work, we design an 1×4 uniform linear array of vapor cells by splitting the probe laser and coupling laser, and achieve simultaneous measurement of the microwave electric fields at the center of four vapor cells using Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency method. At the frequency of the microwave electric field with about 6.92GHz, the measured AT splitting at four different spatial locations is linearly related to the square root of power of the microwave electric field. The microwave measurement for different spatial location allows the Rydberg atoms to meet the need of communications and radar better.
We provide the simultaneous traceable measurements of microwave electric fields at two different frequencies by the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler–Townes (AT) splitting. A static magnetic field working together with a linearly polarized probe and coupling light prepares Rydberg atoms in Zeeman sublevels with maximal |mJ| in an atomic vapor cell. Using the EIT-AT splitting of these two maximal |mJ| states, the microwave electric fields at two different frequencies are simultaneously measured, in which their frequency difference can be adjustable within the linear range of magnetic field-induced level shifts. The proposed method provides a promising prospect for calibrating multiple microwave frequencies simultaneously in the future.
We present an atom-based approach for determining microwave electric and magnetic fields by using a single rubidium vapor cell in a microwave waveguide. For a 87Rb cascade three-level system employed in our experiment, a weak probe laser driving the lower transition, 5S1/2→5P3/2, is first used to measure the microwave magnetic field based on the atomic Rabi resonance. When a counter-propagating strong coupling laser is subsequently turned on to drive the Rydberg transition, 5P3/2→67D5/2, the same probe laser is then used as a Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) probe to measure the microwave electric field by investigating the resonant microwave dressed Autler-Townes splitting (ATS). By tuning the hyperfine transition frequency of the ground state using an experimentally feasible static magnetic field, we first achieved a measurement of the microwave electric and magnetic field strength at the same microwave frequency of 6.916 GHz. Based on the ideal relationship between the electric and magnetic field components, we obtained the equivalent microwave magnetic fields by fitting the inversion to the measured microwave electric fields, which demonstrated that the results were in agreement with the experimental measurement of the microwave magnetic fields in the same microwave power range. This study provides new experimental evidence for quantum-based microwave measurements of electric and magnetic fields by a single sensor in the same system.
We demonstrate a multi-parameter sensing scheme for free space microwave electric and magnetic fields in single vapor cell based on the atom-based microwave detection techniques. A weak probe laser though a rubidium vapor cell first acts as magnetic probe to measure the microwave magnetic field via atomic Rabi resonance of the ground state hyperfine transition. When another strong coupling laser is subsequently counter-propagated and overlapped with the probe laser in the same atomic vapor cell, the probe laser is then used as electric probe to measure microwave electric field by off-resonant microwave dressed Rydberg Autler-Townes splitting. We achieve measurement of microwave electric and magnetic fields without any complicated tuning methods at the clock frequency of 6.835 GHz. Based on the inherent relationship between microwave electric and magnetic fields, and their good linear response characteristics in respective suitable power ranges, the equivalent microwave magnetic fields are derived from linear fitting of the measured electric fields, which are in agreement with the calibrated experimental results within the same power range. This work provides an effective approach for extending the power dynamic range of atom-based microwave quantum sensors.
The geometry effect of a vapor cell on the metrology of a microwave electric field is investigated. Based on the splitting of the electromagnetically induced transparency spectra of cesium Rydberg atoms in a vapor cell, high-resolution spatial distribution of the microwave electric field strength is achieved for both a cubic cell and a cylinder cell. The spatial distribution of the microwave field strength in two dimensions is measured with sub-wavelength resolution. The experimental results show that the shape of a vapor cell has a significant influence on the abnormal spatial distribution because of the Fabry–Pérot effect inside a vapor cell. A theoretical simulation is obtained for different vapor cell wall thicknesses and shows that a restricted wall thickness results in a measurement fluctuation smaller than 3% at the center of the vapor cell.
The traceability of microwave electric field is measured based on the Rydberg atomic quantum interference effect. The rubidium atomic vapor cell at room temperature is used as the probe, and the Autler-Townes splitting of two-photon electromagnetically-induced transparency, three-photon electromagnetically-induced transparency and three-photon electromagnetically-induced absorption effect are analyzed theoretically. The measurement limit of atomic shot noise is also discussed. This method is not only suitable for the traceability and self-calibration measurement of the microwave electric field but also for the sub-wavelength imaging and vector measurement of the microwave electric field and will provide a reference for further miniaturization and integration of the atomic microwave probe.
We demonstrate the high-resolution spatial feature measurement of microwave electric field using an cesium atomic vapor cell based on the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectrum of133Cs Rydberg atom. The microwave electric field with the frequency of 6.95 GHz couples the transition of 47D5/2→48P3/2 Rydberg states. The EIT spectrum of a 6S1/2-6P3/2-47D5/2 ladder system will split by the Autler-Townes(AT) effect under the microwave electric field. The dependence of AT splitting separation on the microwave electric fields strength is observed. Moreover, we present the imaging of the spatial feature of microwave electric field in the atomic vapor cell. The theoretical maximum spatial resolution is about λMw/430.