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Applied Optics

Theoretical study of a four-level EIT-type system in the presence of structured coupling light for microwave field detection

Rohit Kumar, Dixith Manchaiah, Raghavan K. Easwaran

Published Nov 15, 2022• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this work, we have theoretically studied the four-level atomic system for the measurement of a microwave (MW) field. We employed the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) technique for finding the MW field in the presence of a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam as a coupling light. We have shown that, by the application of LG modes, narrower dips for the probe absorption spectrum can be generated, which can be easily identified and gives better resolution compared with the Gaussian mode. An exact location of dips in the probe absorption spectrum is found, and it is useful in the measurement of MW fields. We have estimated the FWHM of the probe absorption spectrum for Gaussian and LG coupling cases as 3.74 × 10 5 H z and 1.07 × 10 5 H z , respectively. Based on FWHM, we have found that minimum change in MW electric field in the order of 3.32 µ V c m − 1 will be detectable in the case of the LG mode as a coupling beam.

DOI
10.1364/ao.475457

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In this work, we have theoretically studied the four-level atomic system for the measurement of a microwave (MW) field. We employed the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) technique for finding the MW field in the presence of a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam as a coupling light. We have shown that, by the application of LG modes, narrower dips for the probe absorption spectrum can be generated, which can be easily identified and gives better resolution compared with the Gaussian mode. An exact location of dips in the probe absorption spectrum is found, and it is useful in the measurement of MW fields. We have estimated the FWHM of the probe absorption spectrum for Gaussian and LG coupling cases as 3.74 × 10 5 H z and 1.07 × 10 5 H z , respectively. Based on FWHM, we have found that minimum change in MW electric field in the order of 3.32 µ V c m − 1 will be detectable in the case of the LG mode as a coupling beam.
A theoretical scheme for precise measurement of microwave (MW) electric fields is proposed using a structured control field in Rydberg atoms. We use a Bessel-Gauss (BG) beam to drive the excited-state transition, its spatial structure characteristics result in a narrow linewidth of probe transmission, which benefits MW electric field measurement. It is interesting that the spectral linewidth could be further narrowed by increasing the azimuthal index. The minimum detectability of the MW field is about one-tenth of the common electromagnetically induced transparency scheme, and the spectrum resolution could be improved by about 40 times from simulation. Moreover, the system has good robustness.
We investigate theoretically a scheme for all-optical generation of structured light beams with and without a microwave field in an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) medium composed of rubidium atoms. In a conventional EIT system, two optical fields (namely, a strong control field and a weak probe field) drive two electric-dipole-allowed transitions of an atom to form a three-level system in a $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ configuration. At EIT resonance, we found that a Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) control beam induces a radial modulation of probe's absorption profile in such way that a Gaussian probe beam is reshaped into a hollow-Gaussian beam following the position-selective absorption. The transmitted probe beam has a doughnut-shaped intensity structure similar to that LG beam whereas the phase profile is still a spherical wave. Moreover, the presence of a microwave field between two ground states of three-level system leads to a closed-loop system, and probe response is modified with an additional term proportional to the amplitudes of Rabi frequencies of control and microwave fields, and relative phase of three fields. This term acts as driving field which is responsible for the generation of a vortex probe beam having a helical phase profile. We have further shown that the amplitude and helical phase of generated vortex beam can be manipulated by changing the relative phase of applied fields and temperature of the vapor cell. The present study may provide a useful tool for creation of structured light beams with and without orbital angular momentum.
We present a theoretical study on the frequency position and the linetype of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) in a four-level atomic system with a coupling field, two microwave fields and a probe field. The absorption spectrum which is characterized by two EIT windows is obtained by a weak probe field scanning corresponding transition. It can be found that the frequency position and the linetype of EIT change with the relative phase of the two microwave fields. The frequnecy interval reaches the minimum when the relative phase is reverse. If two microwave fields have the same strength and reverse phase, the absorption spectrum will exhibit an EIT. This proposes a way to controlling frequency position of EIT by modulating the relative phase between two fields.
In this paper, a theoretical investigation of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) using Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams has been carried out for the three canonical atom-laser coupled systems (e.g. [Formula: see text]-, V-, and [Formula: see text]-type) in [Formula: see text]Rb atom. The required optical Bloch equations (OBEs) are derived for each system. The OBEs are analytically solved in steady-state condition under the weak probe field approximation. We have used the iterative perturbative technique to obtain the probe coherence term. The probe response w.r.t. probe detuning for different orders of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) number of both the pump and probe LG beams has been studied. We have also studied the effect of the OAM number on probe response in both Doppler-free and Doppler-broadened mediums. It has been observed that the EIT signal is squeezed for nonzero OAM number of the pump beam with arbitrary OAM number of the probe beam. It is found that for higher-order OAM number, the EIT signal is further squeezed. The modification of the EIT signal is attributed because of the spatial-dependent Rabi frequency. Our study demonstrates that the dynamic of the probe field inside an atomic medium may be controlled by tuning the OAM number of the LG beam.
Abstract Quantum electrometric sensing properties of a four-level system are theoretically investigated for microwave (MW) field measurement in thermal Rydberg atoms. In the considered system, the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is invoked to study the impact of microwave (MW) field strength on its optical response. The amplitude of the MW electric field is obtained directly by measuring the height and frequency of EIT peaks. Further, for MW frequency measurement, the probe spectra are examined for red and blue MW detuned cases. It is found that the responsiveness of 133Cs for MW electric field as well as frequency is relatively higher than 87Rb. The overall sensitivity of both these atoms can be enhanced by the convenient setting of the system and field parameters.
An enhanced measurement of the microwave electric (MW E) field by using intracavity Rydberg atoms is proposed. Based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), the intracavity atomic system exhibits two EIT windows, resulting in two narrow peaks in the cavity transmission. The peak-to-peak distance is sensitive to MW fields and can be used to probe MW E-field strength. Simulation results show that the detectable minimum strength of the MW fields is nearly eight times smaller than that without a cavity. Due to cavity coupling, the transmission spectrum is greatly narrowed, which improves the measurement resolution substantially. The numerical results show that the spectrum resolution is increased by more than 20 times. Furthermore, the cavity-enhanced measurement scheme seems to be robust against the changes in the control field strength and shows a broadband tunability.