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Simpósio Brasileiro de Cibersegurança (SBSeg)

A True Random Number Generator based on quantum-optical noise

André de Almeida Ruegger, Geraldo A. Barbosa, Jeroen van de Graaf, Gilberto Medeiros, Julio C. D. de Melo, Roberto Nogueira, Wagner Nunes Rodrigues, Fernando Soares

Published Nov 3, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this note we report a project to construct a True Random Number Generator based on quantum noise (shot noise of light). It achieves speeds of 1Gb/s and above which is about 3 orders of magnitude faster than the known bit generator Quantis (from IDQuantique). This generator is part of a platform for secure communications called KeyBITS.

DOI
10.5753/sbseg.2014.20147

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In this note we report a project to construct a True Random Number Generator based on quantum noise (shot noise of light). It achieves speeds of 1Gb/s and above which is about 3 orders of magnitude faster than the known bit generator Quantis (from IDQuantique). This generator is part of a platform for secure communications called KeyBITS.
Random numbers are essential for applications ranging from secure communications to numerical simulation and quantitative finance. Algorithms can rapidly produce pseudo-random outcomes, series of numbers that mimic most properties of true random numbers while quantum random number generators (QRNGs) exploit intrinsic quantum randomness to produce true random numbers. Single-photon QRNGs are conceptually simple but produce few random bits per detection. In contrast, vacuum fluctuations are a vast resource for QRNGs: they are broad-band and thus can encode many random bits per second. Direct recording of vacuum fluctuations is possible, but requires shot-noise-limited detectors, at the cost of bandwidth. We demonstrate efficient conversion of vacuum fluctuations to true random bits using optical amplification of vacuum and interferometry. Using commercially-available optical components we demonstrate a QRNG at a bit rate of 1.11 Gbps. The proposed scheme has the potential to be extended to 10 Gbps and even up to 100 Gbps by taking advantage of high speed modulation sources and detectors for optical fiber telecommunication devices.
Generating high-speed, verifiable random numbers is a fundamental requirement for cryptography, large-scale stochastic simulations, and secure quantum communication. Here, we present a robust quantum random number generator that utilizes the spatial distribution of quantum fluctuations captured by an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device operated in high-speed kinetic mode. Through rigorous detector calibration and shot-noise analysis, we characterize the spatial quantum noise obtained from the spatial intensity fluctuations of the coherent states of light. Such quantum noise serves as a high-entropy source, enabling an instantaneous random bit generation rate of 5.92 Gbps without algorithmic randomness extraction in the present configuration. The sustained output rate is, however, limited to 7.5 Mbps by the bandwidth of the serial electronic readout. The generated sequences successfully pass the NIST SP 800-22 and Marsaglia Diehard statistical test suites, confirming the high quality and unpredictability of the entropy source.
True randomness is critical to secure communication in both quantum and classical regimes. We propose an approach of true random number generation based on the intrinsic randomness of spontaneous emission. In this approach, a method of random bit extraction was employed to extract true random bits simultaneously as the measurement of the physical entropy source. The random bits generated by the true random number generators have been statistically verified to be bias-free and mutually independent. With the current experimental setup, 7 random bits can be generated in parallel at a rate up to 40 GHz.
Lasers are recently being used more frequently in random number generators. The world record in random number generation was broken by the help of lasers. The world's fastest quantum random number generators utilize lasers to tap into the random fluctuations in order to extract true random bit sequences. We investigate a system based on a Nd:YAG laser that potentially generates true random bits at Gbit/s rates. As photonic on chip technologies progress we foresee laser based high speed random number generators integrated on chips. Such a photonic chip will create a revolution in the technology of security devices that employ quantum cryptography techniques for secure communication.
Quantum random generators have successfully generated single-distribution unpredictable true random numbers. However, the optimal distribution of random numbers for various applications is usually different, and converting one distribution of random numbers to another type sacrifices a lot of secure bits. Here, we develop a quantum random number generator that can on-demand produce three distribution types of random numbers at over 60 Gbits/s raw bits based on measuring the quantum vacuum noise. After randomness extraction, over 42 Gbits/s secure bit rate is demonstrated. The switching between different types of random numbers is achieved on electronics, which does not affect the generation speed. The random numbers pass standard tests and are available for quantum networking simulations using Cisco QNDK.