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Quantum Computing, Communication, and Simulation

Over 40 Gbps tri-type quantum random number generator

Jiapeng Zhao, Eneet Kaur, Michael Kilzer, Yihan Liu, Stephen DiAdamo, Hassan Shapourian, Ramana Rao Kompella, Reza Nejabati

Published Mar 19, 2025• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum random generators have successfully generated single-distribution unpredictable true random numbers. However, the optimal distribution of random numbers for various applications is usually different, and converting one distribution of random numbers to another type sacrifices a lot of secure bits. Here, we develop a quantum random number generator that can on-demand produce three distribution types of random numbers at over 60 Gbits/s raw bits based on measuring the quantum vacuum noise. After randomness extraction, over 42 Gbits/s secure bit rate is demonstrated. The switching between different types of random numbers is achieved on electronics, which does not affect the generation speed. The random numbers pass standard tests and are available for quantum networking simulations using Cisco QNDK.

DOI
10.1117/12.3040283

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Quantum random generators have successfully generated single-distribution unpredictable true random numbers. However, the optimal distribution of random numbers for various applications is usually different, and converting one distribution of random numbers to another type sacrifices a lot of secure bits. Here, we develop a quantum random number generator that can on-demand produce three distribution types of random numbers at over 60 Gbits/s raw bits based on measuring the quantum vacuum noise. After randomness extraction, over 42 Gbits/s secure bit rate is demonstrated. The switching between different types of random numbers is achieved on electronics, which does not affect the generation speed. The random numbers pass standard tests and are available for quantum networking simulations using Cisco QNDK.
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Random numbers are essential for applications ranging from secure communications to numerical simulation and quantitative finance. Algorithms can rapidly produce pseudo-random outcomes, series of numbers that mimic most properties of true random numbers while quantum random number generators (QRNGs) exploit intrinsic quantum randomness to produce true random numbers. Single-photon QRNGs are conceptually simple but produce few random bits per detection. In contrast, vacuum fluctuations are a vast resource for QRNGs: they are broad-band and thus can encode many random bits per second. Direct recording of vacuum fluctuations is possible, but requires shot-noise-limited detectors, at the cost of bandwidth. We demonstrate efficient conversion of vacuum fluctuations to true random bits using optical amplification of vacuum and interferometry. Using commercially-available optical components we demonstrate a QRNG at a bit rate of 1.11 Gbps. The proposed scheme has the potential to be extended to 10 Gbps and even up to 100 Gbps by taking advantage of high speed modulation sources and detectors for optical fiber telecommunication devices.
The speed of a quantum random number generator is essential for practical applications, such as high-speed quantum key distribution systems. Here, we push the speed of a quantum random number generator to 68 Gbps by operating a laser around its threshold level. To achieve the rate, not only high-speed photodetector and high sampling rate are needed but also a very stable interferometer is required. A practical interferometer with active feedback instead of common temperature control is developed to meet the requirement of stability. Phase fluctuations of the laser are measured by the interferometer with a photodetector and then digitalized to raw random numbers with a rate of 80 Gbps. The min-entropy of the raw data is evaluated by modeling the system and is used to quantify the quantum randomness of the raw data. The bias of the raw data caused by other signals, such as classical and detection noises, can be removed by Toeplitz-matrix hashing randomness extraction. The final random numbers can pass through the standard randomness tests. Our demonstration shows that high-speed quantum random number generators are ready for practical usage.
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Unpredictable random number (RN) generation is an essential technology for cryptographic applications. Quantum RN generators (QRNGs) have attracted significant attention owing to their generation of RNs utilizing the randomness guaranteed by quantum mechanics. Vacuum fluctuations are a promising entropy source of quantum randomness. These are detected using a homodyne setup with a laser source and a beam splitter. QRNGs based on vacuum fluctuations can generate RNs at a high-speed and in a stable manner. This paper reports a high-speed spatially multiplexed QRNG based on vacuum fluctuations using a single semiconductor laser diode and an integrated optical beam splitter. The QRNG obtained four independent vacuum fluctuations across a wide bandwidth of over 2 GHz. The RNs were extracted in parallel using a field-programmable gate array with analog-to-digital converters. An aggregated real-time RN generation rate of 4×12.5 Gbit/s was achieved. The generated RNs passed a randomness test based on NIST SP800-90B.
Generating high-speed, verifiable random numbers is a fundamental requirement for cryptography, large-scale stochastic simulations, and secure quantum communication. Here, we present a robust quantum random number generator that utilizes the spatial distribution of quantum fluctuations captured by an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device operated in high-speed kinetic mode. Through rigorous detector calibration and shot-noise analysis, we characterize the spatial quantum noise obtained from the spatial intensity fluctuations of the coherent states of light. Such quantum noise serves as a high-entropy source, enabling an instantaneous random bit generation rate of 5.92 Gbps without algorithmic randomness extraction in the present configuration. The sustained output rate is, however, limited to 7.5 Mbps by the bandwidth of the serial electronic readout. The generated sequences successfully pass the NIST SP 800-22 and Marsaglia Diehard statistical test suites, confirming the high quality and unpredictability of the entropy source.