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Benefits and challenges of high sensitivity atom interferometers in optical cavities

N. Mielec, Isabelle Riou, Bess Fang, David Holleville, Arnaud Landragin, B. Canuel

Published Jan 1, 2016• 0 citations
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The development of atom interferometry in the last few decades has led to high precision measurements of inertial effects and tests of fundamental physics. New methods for higher sensitivity atom interferometers (AIs) are being explored, particularly the interrogation of atoms with optical cavities [1]. Its benefits would be higher optical power allowing large momentum transfer beam splitters, and possibly cleaner and controlled phase profiles. However high sensitivity AIs require long interrogation times, which combined with cold atom expansion, bring the challenges of large waists in cavities.

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Summary form only given. The development of atom interferometry in the last few decades has led to high precision measurements of inertial effects and tests of fundamental physics [1]. New methods for higher sensitivity atom interferometers (AIs) are being explored, in particular the interrogation of atoms with optical cavities. The benefits of optical cavities would be higher optical power allowing large momentum transfer beam splitters, and possibly cleaner and controlled phase profiles [2]. However high sensitivity AIs require long interrogation times, which, combined with cold atom cloud expansion, bring the challenges of large centimetric waists in cavities. We propose an optical resonator composed of a convergent lens with two flat mirrors at its focal planes as shown on figure 1 [3]. When perfectly aligned any input field can be resonating inside. Especially, when a Gaussian beam, with waist w0' on the first mirror, is inputted to the cavity, the lens conjugates it to the second mirror with waist w0= λf/πw0'. This cavity is marginally stable and exhibits a half degenerate behaviour: all modes resonate at the same frequencies, odd and even modes being separated by half a free spectral range. Thus it does not have strong mode cleaning properties but it is able to magnify any input field. When misaligned, this cavity goes out of its degenerate behaviour and the circulating field begins to degrade due to mode filtering. A numerical study of the cavity behaviour, using an ABCD transfer matrix formalism, showed that typical controllable misalignments of a few micrometres would not be critical for atom interrogation. Further degradations due to surface defects and tilts are being investigated.

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The periodicity inherent to any interferometric signal entails a fundamental trade-off between sensitivity and dynamic range of interferometry-based sensors. Here, we develop a methodology for substantially extending the dynamic range of such sensors without compromising their sensitivity, stability, and bandwidth. The scheme is based on simultaneous operation of two nearly identical interferometers, providing a moiré-like period much larger than 2π and benefiting from close-to-maximal sensitivity and from suppression of common-mode noise. The methodology is highly suited to atom interferometers, which offer record sensitivities in measuring gravito-inertial forces but suffer from limited dynamic range. We experimentally demonstrate an atom interferometer with a dynamic-range enhancement of more than an order of magnitude in a single shot and more than three orders of magnitude within a few shots for both static and dynamic signals. This approach can considerably improve the operation of interferometric sensors in challenging, uncertain, or rapidly varying conditions.

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The development of atom interferometry in the last few decades has led to high precision measurements of inertial effects and tests of fundamental physics. New methods for higher sensitivity atom interferometers (AIs) are being explored, particularly the interrogation of atoms with optical cavities [1]. Its benefits would be higher optical power allowing large momentum transfer beam splitters, and possibly cleaner and controlled phase profiles. However high sensitivity AIs require long interrogation times, which combined with cold atom expansion, bring the challenges of large waists in cavities.
Summary form only given. The development of atom interferometry in the last few decades has led to high precision measurements of inertial effects and tests of fundamental physics [1]. New methods for higher sensitivity atom interferometers (AIs) are being explored, in particular the interrogation of atoms with optical cavities. The benefits of optical cavities would be higher optical power allowing large momentum transfer beam splitters, and possibly cleaner and controlled phase profiles [2]. However high sensitivity AIs require long interrogation times, which, combined with cold atom cloud expansion, bring the challenges of large centimetric waists in cavities. We propose an optical resonator composed of a convergent lens with two flat mirrors at its focal planes as shown on figure 1 [3]. When perfectly aligned any input field can be resonating inside. Especially, when a Gaussian beam, with waist w0' on the first mirror, is inputted to the cavity, the lens conjugates it to the second mirror with waist w0= λf/πw0'. This cavity is marginally stable and exhibits a half degenerate behaviour: all modes resonate at the same frequencies, odd and even modes being separated by half a free spectral range. Thus it does not have strong mode cleaning properties but it is able to magnify any input field. When misaligned, this cavity goes out of its degenerate behaviour and the circulating field begins to degrade due to mode filtering. A numerical study of the cavity behaviour, using an ABCD transfer matrix formalism, showed that typical controllable misalignments of a few micrometres would not be critical for atom interrogation. Further degradations due to surface defects and tilts are being investigated.
The periodicity inherent to any interferometric signal entails a fundamental trade-off between sensitivity and dynamic range of interferometry-based sensors. Here, we develop a methodology for substantially extending the dynamic range of such sensors without compromising their sensitivity, stability, and bandwidth. The scheme is based on simultaneous operation of two nearly identical interferometers, providing a moiré-like period much larger than 2π and benefiting from close-to-maximal sensitivity and from suppression of common-mode noise. The methodology is highly suited to atom interferometers, which offer record sensitivities in measuring gravito-inertial forces but suffer from limited dynamic range. We experimentally demonstrate an atom interferometer with a dynamic-range enhancement of more than an order of magnitude in a single shot and more than three orders of magnitude within a few shots for both static and dynamic signals. This approach can considerably improve the operation of interferometric sensors in challenging, uncertain, or rapidly varying conditions.