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Indian Journal of Physics

Effect of spontaneous emission on entanglement and squeezing properties of three-level laser pumped by electron bombardment

Menisha Alemu

Published Sep 16, 2022• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s12648-022-02457-2

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In this paper we have studied the statistical and squeezing properties of the cavity light generated by a three-level laser. In this quantum optical system, N three-level atoms available in an open cavity, coupled to a two-mode vacuum reservoir, are pumped to the top level by means of electron bombardment at constant rate. We have considered the case in which the three-level atoms and the cavity modes interact with the two-mode vacuum reservoir. We have carried out our analysis by putting the noise operators associated with the vacuum reservoir in normal order. Applying the solutions of the equations of evolution for the expectation values of the atomic operators and the quantum Langevin equations for the cavity mode operators, we have calculated the mean and variance of the photon number as well as the quadrature squeezing for the cavity light. In addition, we have shown that the presence of the spontaneous emission process leads to a decrease in the mean and variance of the photon number. We have observed that the two-mode cavity light is in a squeezed state and the squeezing occurs in the minus quadrature. The maximum quadrature squeezing of the light generated by the laser, operating far below threshold, is found to be 50% below the vacuum-state level. We have also established that the mean photon number in the presence of spontaneous emission is less than the absence of spontaneous emission.
This study investigates the entanglement and squeezing characteristics of light generated by a non-degenerate, three-level laser with a non-degenerate parametric amplifier, which is pumped by electron bombardment to the top level and coupled to a two-mode vacuum reservoir through a single-port mirror. By normal ordering the noise operators, we simplified the calculations and derived the evolution equations for the atomic operators using the master equation. From the steady-state solutions, we determined the average of the photon number, the quadrature variance of radiation, entanglement, the normalized second-order correlation of the cavity radiation, and fluctuations in intensity difference. Our findings indicate that higher spontaneous emission rates significantly decrease the average photon number, while the amplitude of the pumping mode interacting with the parametric amplifier ( ɛ ) increases it. Enhanced squeezing is observed with increasing ( ɛ ), reaching a peak at ɛ = 0 . 02 ( 78 . 5 % ) . Moreover, spontaneous emission enhances squeezing for some interval of r a . A direct correlation between quadrature squeezing and entanglement is found, with greater quadrature squeezing associated with increased entanglement. This research offers potential advancements in quantum technologies, such as quantum communication, computing, and sensing, where controlled squeezing and entanglement are crucial for improving performance.