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Advanced Quantum Technologies

Fast and Robust Multiqubit Gates on Rydberg Atoms by Periodic Pulse Engineering

Jin‐Lei Wu, Yan Wang, Jin‐Xuan Han, Shi‐Lei Su, Yan Xia, Jie Song, Yongyuan Jiang

Published Aug 30, 2022• 12 citations

Abstract

Abstract The idea of periodic pulse engineering (PPE) is exploited to achieve unconventional Rydberg pumping for a robust multiqubit gate on Rydberg atoms trapped in a 2D array. By designing component parameters in PPE, fast regimes of full and partial Rydberg antiblockade (RAB) among three atoms are explored. Furthermore, through assigning appropriate components in PPE a phenomenon of RAB‐based blockade emerges and then a three‐qubit gate can be achieved. It is identified that two kinds of Rydberg–Rydberg interaction (RRI), van der Waals interaction and dipole–dipole Förster resonance interaction, are both applicative for implementing the proposed scheme. Different from recent schemes of Rydberg atom multiqubit gates, the operated atoms are indistinguishable with respect to the laser field of PPE, and the present one‐step scheme is essentially fast owing to the first‐order dynamics where the dominant component in PPE is not degraded. In addition, the proposed multiqubit gate is robust against atomic decay and deviation of RRI strengths, because the excitation duration of atoms is short, with the total excitation number ⩽1. This work may facilitate experimental demonstration of RAB‐based gates of strongly coupled atoms.

DOI: 10.1002/qute.202200042

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Abstract The idea of periodic pulse engineering (PPE) is exploited to achieve unconventional Rydberg pumping for a robust multiqubit gate on Rydberg atoms trapped in a 2D array. By designing component parameters in PPE, fast regimes of full and partial Rydberg antiblockade (RAB) among three atoms are explored. Furthermore, through assigning appropriate components in PPE a phenomenon of RAB‐based blockade emerges and then a three‐qubit gate can be achieved. It is identified that two kinds of Rydberg–Rydberg interaction (RRI), van der Waals interaction and dipole–dipole Förster resonance interaction, are both applicative for implementing the proposed scheme. Different from recent schemes of Rydberg atom multiqubit gates, the operated atoms are indistinguishable with respect to the laser field of PPE, and the present one‐step scheme is essentially fast owing to the first‐order dynamics where the dominant component in PPE is not degraded. In addition, the proposed multiqubit gate is robust against atomic decay and deviation of RRI strengths, because the excitation duration of atoms is short, with the total excitation number ⩽1. This work may facilitate experimental demonstration of RAB‐based gates of strongly coupled atoms.

With a resonant amplitude-modulation field on two Rydberg atoms, we propose a Rydberg antiblockade (RAB) regime, where the Rabi oscillation between collective ground and excited states is induced. A controlled-Z gate can be yielded through a Rabi cycle. Further, several common issues of the RAB gates are solved by modifying the parameter relation. The gate fidelity and gate robustness against the control error are enhanced with a shaped pulse. The requirement of control precision of the Rydberg-Rydberg interaction strength is relaxed. In addition, the atomic excitation is restrained and therefore the gate robustness against atomic decay is enhanced.

Fault-tolerant implementation of quantum gates is one of preconditions for realizing quantum computation. The platform of Rydberg atoms is one of the most promising candidates for achieving quantum computation. We propose to implement a controlled-

Z

gate on Rydberg atoms where an amplitude-modulated field is employed to induce Rydberg antiblockade. Gate robustness against the fluctuations in the Rydberg-Rydberg interaction can be largely enhanced by adjusting amplitude-modulated field. Furthermore, we introduce a Landau-Zener-St\"uckelberg transition on the target atom so as to improve the gate resilience to the deviation in the gate time and the drift in the pulse amplitude. With feasible experimental parameters, one can achieve the gate with low fidelity errors caused by atomic decay, interatomic dipole-dipole force, and Doppler effects. Finally, we generalize the gate scheme into multiqubit cases, where resilient multiqubit phase gates can be obtained in one step with an unchanged gate time as the number of qubits increases.

Unlike the Rydberg blockade regime, the Rydberg antiblockade regime (RABR) allows more than one Rydberg atom to be excited, which can bring other interesting phenomena and applications. We propose an alternative scheme to quickly achieve the RABR. The proposed RABR can be implemented by adjusting the detuning of the classical driving field, which is, in turn, based on the former numbers of the excited Rydberg atoms. In contrast to the former schemes, the current one enables more than two atoms to be excited to Rydberg states in a short period of time and thus is useful for large-scale quantum information processing. The proposed RABR can be used to construct two- and multiqubit quantum logic gates. In addition, a Rydberg excitation superatom, which can decrease the blockade error and enlarge the blockade radius for Rydberg blockade-based schemes, is constructed based on the suggested RABR and used to realize a more robust quantum logic gate. The mechanical effect and the ionization are discussed, and the performance is investigated using the master-equation method. Finally, other possible applications of the present RABR are also given.

Abstract In this paper, we propose a one-step scheme for generating a multiqubit controlled–controlled-Z (CCZ) gate based on Rydberg atoms where an amplitude-modulated field is employed to induce Rydberg antiblockade. The Rydberg atoms can form a Rabi oscillation between the ground state and the collective excited state effectively, so a one-step three-qubit CCZ gate can be easily achieved through a Rabi cycle. Numerical simulation results show that the scheme has a high fidelity and robustness against errors which are caused by parameter errors, intrinsic errors, and atomic decays. Therefore, we hope that this scheme will enable fast and robust quantum computing in the near future.

The prevalent fashion of executing Rydberg-mediated two- and multi-qubit quantum gates in neutral atomic systems is to pump Rydberg excitations using multistep piecewise pulses in the Rydberg blockade regime. Here, we propose to synthesize a Λ -type Rydberg antiblockade (RAB) of two neutral atoms using periodic fields, which facilitates one-step implementations of SWAP and controlled-SWAP (CSWAP) gates with the same gate time. Besides, the RAB condition is modified so as to circumvent the sensitivity of RAB-based gates to infidelity factors, including atomic decay, motional dephasing, and interatomic distance deviation. Our work makes up the absence of one-step schemes of Rydberg-mediated SWAP and CSWAP gates and may pave a way to enhance the robustness of RAB-based gates.

Abstract In this study, a one‐step scheme is proposed to implement time‐optimal three‐qubit nonadiabatic holonomic gates using unconventional Rydberg pumping mechanism. The system dynamics of three Rydberg atoms are investigated in the regime of dipole–dipole interaction, which may provide relatively strong interaction strengths. By analyzing the system dynamics of three atoms, an effective three‐level interaction Hamiltonian is derived. Based on this, a three‐qubit nonadiabatic holonomic gate can be implemented in one step by modulating Rabi frequencies of control pulses on the target atom. The scheme is further optimized using time‐optimal control technology based on quantum‐brachistochrone formalism, which minimizes the evolution time of the system and mitigates the influence from the environmental decoherence. Numerical simulations results show that the scheme is robust against the Doppler dephasing error, system parameter variations, and atomic spontaneous emissions. Therefore, it is hoped that the scheme may facilitate the realization of fault‐tolerant quantum computation in Rydberg atoms.