Quantum direct communication (QDC) uses the basic principle of quantum mechanics to realize the secure communication between legal parties. Deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC), as a branch of QDC, is a way to transmit secret message with the aid of classical bits. In this paper, a multi-party DSQC based on [Formula: see text]-dimension [Formula: see text]-particles GHZ states is proposed, in which unitary operation is not required. On the basis of [Formula: see text]-dimension single-photon measurement results, the communication parties encode and decode the message through performing modulo addition and subtraction. In addition, the scheme uses the added [Formula: see text]-dimension single photon for eavesdropping detection. The scheme has expansibility and universality. It can scale to as many parties in any dimension as required. Based on the star-shaped communication structure, it can be extended to a network to achieve the rapid communication of secret message across regions.
Quantum direct communication (QDC) uses the basic principle of quantum mechanics to realize the secure communication between legal parties. Deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC), as a branch of QDC, is a way to transmit secret message with the aid of classical bits. In this paper, a multi-party DSQC based on [Formula: see text]-dimension [Formula: see text]-particles GHZ states is proposed, in which unitary operation is not required. On the basis of [Formula: see text]-dimension single-photon measurement results, the communication parties encode and decode the message through performing modulo addition and subtraction. In addition, the scheme uses the added [Formula: see text]-dimension single photon for eavesdropping detection. The scheme has expansibility and universality. It can scale to as many parties in any dimension as required. Based on the star-shaped communication structure, it can be extended to a network to achieve the rapid communication of secret message across regions.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) aims to allow two remote parties to communicate directly without creating a private key in advance and then using it to encrypt the secret message. In this paper, a multiparty controlled secure quantum communication of d-dimensional is proposed based on d-dimensional maximally entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and teleportation. After using decoy photons to check eavesdropping efficiently for the purpose of the quantum channel security, the sender encodes the secret message of d-dimensional on a sequence of additional particle states and then fulfills teleportation of the secret through d-dimensional Bell state measurement (DBM) and X-basis or Z-basis measurement. The receiver can recover the secret message by combining his measurement result with the senderpsilas and controllerpsilas results. If an eavesdropper Eve cannot escape from the communication parties eavesdropping check, our scheme is completely secure because the transmitting particle sequence does not carry the secret message.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is one of the most important branches of quantum communication. In contrast to the quantum key distribution (QKD) which distributes a secure key between distant parties, QSDC directly transmits secret message instead of sharing key in advance. To establish a secure QSDC protocol, on the one hand, the security of the quantum channel should be confirmed before the exchange of the secret message. On the other hand, the quantum state should be transmitted in a quantum data block since the security of QSDC is based on the error rate analysis in the theories on statistics. Compared with the deterministic quantum key distribution (DQKD) which can also be used to transmit deterministic information, QSDC schemes do not need extra classical bits to read the secret message except for public discussion. In this article, we introduce the basic principles of QSDC and review the development in this field by introducing typical QSDC protocols chronologically. The first QSDC protocol was proposed by Long and Liu, which can be used to establish a common key between distant parties. In their scheme, the method for transmitting quantum states in a block by block way and in multiple steps was proposed and the information leakage before eavesdropping detection was solved. Subsequently, Deng et al. presented two pioneering QSDC schemes, an entangled-state-based two-step QSDC scheme and a single-photon-state-based quantum one-time pad scheme, in which the basic principle and criteria for QSDC were pointed out. From then on, many interesting QSDC schemes have been proposed, including the high-dimension QSDC scheme based on quantum superdense coding, multi-step QSDC scheme based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, QSDC scheme based on quantum encryption with practical non-maximally entangled quantum channel, and so on. We also introduce the anti-noise QSDC schemes which were designed for coping with the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, respectively. In 2011, Wang et al. presented the first QSDC which exploited the hyperentangled state as the information carrier and several QSDC schemes based on the spatial degree of freedom (DOF) of photon, single-photon multi-DOF state and hyperentanglement were proposed subsequently. In addition to the point-to-point QSDC schemes, we also review the QSDC networks. Finally, a perspective of QSDC research is given in the last section.
Deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) can transmit secret messages between two parties without first generating a shared secret key. Compared with quantum key distribution (QKD), DSQC avoids the waste of qubits arising from basis reconciliation and thus reaches higher efficiency. In this paper, based on data block transmission and order rearrangement technologies, we propose a DSQC protocol. It utilizes a set of single d-level systems as message carriers, which are used to directly encode the secret message in one communication process. Theoretical analysis shows that these employed technologies guarantee the security, and the use of a higher dimensional quantum system makes our protocol achieve higher security and efficiency. Since only quantum memory is required for implementation, our protocol is feasible with current technologies. Furthermore, Trojan horse attack (THA) is taken into account in our protocol. We give a THA model and show that THA significantly increases the multi-photon rate and can thus be detected.
A novel deterministic secure quantum communication(DSQC)scheme is presented based on EinsteinPodolsky-Rosen(EPR)pairs and single photons in this study.In this scheme,the secret message can be encoded directly on the first particles of the prepared Bell states by simple unitary operations and decoded by performing the Bell-basis measurement after the additional classic information is exchanged.In addition,the strategy with two-step transmission of quantum data blocks and the technique of decoy-particle checking both are exploited to guarantee the security of the communication.Compared with some previous DSQC schemes,this scheme not only has a higher resource capacity,intrinsic efciency and total efciency,but also is more realizable in practical applications.Security analysis shows that the proposed scheme is unconditionally secure against various attacks over an ideal quantum channel and still conditionally robust over a noisy and lossy quantum channel.
A deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) scheme with mutual authentication is proposed, where unitary operations are not necessary, while they are indispensable in other quantum direct communication (QDC) schemes. Since the realization of a unitary operation is not a simple task in quantum computation and quantum communication, it simplifies the implementation of QDC schemes to a great extent. The scheme is partitioned into two parts, mutual authentication and direct communication. To authenticate identities of the two users, an authentication strategy is put forward by utilizing the property of Bell states in which unitary is not performed. In direct communication phase, Alice and Bob can communicate directly and deterministically without any unitary operation due to the property of entanglement swapping. Naturally, the security of the presented DSQC scheme is discussed in detail. Compared with the previous QDC protocols, the proposed DSQC scheme has some meaningful advantages.
A two-step deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) scheme using blocks of three-qubit W state is proposed. In this scheme, the secret messages can be encoded by employing four two-particle unitary operations and directly decoded by utilizing the corresponding measurements in Bell basis or single-particle basis. Comparing with most previous DSQC protocols, the present scheme has a high total efficiency, which comes up to 50%. Apart from this, it has still the advantages of high capacity as each W state can carry two bits of secret information, and high intrinsic efficiency because almost all the instances are useful. Furthermore, the security of this communication can be ensured by the decoy particle checking technique and the two-step transmitting idea.