This chapter covers quantum consensus. Before we explain what quantum consensus is, a basic introduction to quantum computing and its advantages is given to build an understanding about how quantum computer works. Moreover, topics like quantum networks, quantum Internet, quantum cryptography, and quantum blockchains are also covered. Then we discuss quantum consensus and explain what it is, how quantum computing impacts classical consensus in classical and quantum networks, and how quantum computing can enhance existing distributed consensus protocols. We survey what has been done so far in the research community and some open research problems.
This chapter covers quantum consensus. Before we explain what quantum consensus is, a basic introduction to quantum computing and its advantages is given to build an understanding about how quantum computer works. Moreover, topics like quantum networks, quantum Internet, quantum cryptography, and quantum blockchains are also covered. Then we discuss quantum consensus and explain what it is, how quantum computing impacts classical consensus in classical and quantum networks, and how quantum computing can enhance existing distributed consensus protocols. We survey what has been done so far in the research community and some open research problems.
Quantum computing addresses the construction and operation of quantum computers to solve more efficiently instances of specific problems that are difficult to tackle with classical computers. Even if we are currently in the so-called Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ), steady signs of progress are being made towards the realization of a fast and reliable quantum computer, materializing the basic building blocks of quantum circuits, i.e., quantum bits and gates. On the other hand, quantum communications cover the transmission of quantum states across distances. Recent advances in this context have led to the novel research area of quantum networking, which is set to define the programming interfaces and protocols for the practical operation of quantum communication and computing infrastructures. The tutorial has the objective of raising awareness about these emerging topics, i.e., quantum computing and quantum networking, in the research community by i) introducing briefly the latest technologies developed in each, then ii) providing hands-on examples of how to use them for simple use cases, and iii) finally sketching the more promising open research challenges.
This chapter explores the rapidly developing field of quantum computing, which essentially devises the power to change science and technology. After an introductory outline, the fundamental ideas of quantum computing are covered, setting it apart from classical computing. The chapter then goes on to describe the features of a quantum computing system, highlighting its unique traits and possible advantages. The reliance on complex numbers and advanced mathematics is a central point of quantum computing [ 1 ]. Fundamental mathematical concepts are important to understand the quantum algorithms, which are explained in more detailed way. In quantum computing, the main idea is that quantum bits can have several states. The quality of quantum processing is extensively explored in this chapter. The chapter also covers a range of quantum computing techniques, highlighting their resourceful methods for tackling problems. Finally, the uses of quantum computing and its influence in many areas, such as optimization, materials research, and cryptography, are described and analyzed. This ample introduction will provide readers with thoughtful principles and the mathematical and practical significance of quantum computing.
Distributed consensus is possible for asynchronous communication networks when assisted by quantum mechanical effects. Previous results are extended to show that consensus is possible even in the presence of byzantine process failures. This result directly contradicts the FLP impossibility result which states that distributed consensus is impossible when even one faulty networked process exists in the group. PODC’08, August 18–21, 2008, p445, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ACM 978-1-59593-9890/08/08. 1. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING IS PHYSICAL Distributed computing is concerned with what can be accomplished using systems of networked processors. As with all information processing devices, these systems are necessarily physical and ultimately bound by the laws of physics[Land88]. Therefore, when proving impossibility results and bounds on algorithmic efficiency, it only makes sense to consider the possibilities offered, not only by classical information processing, but also the effects of quantum mechanics[NC00]. Recent results have shown that shared quantum resources make problems like anonymous leader election and distributed consensus possible under conditions where no classical algorithm could perform the same tasks[DP06]. These results are extended here to show that shared quantum resources allow fault-tolerant consensus in direct contradiction of previous impossibility results[FLP85]. Although this research is largely self-contained, a basic understanding of distributed computing is assumed of the reader along with a passing understanding of linear algebra which is necessary to understand the reasoning behind the algorithm detailed in section 4. A thorough understanding of quantum mechanics is recommended, although a reference of the specific quantum mechanical notation required to follow later reasoning in section 4 is detailed in section 3. A computer scientist unfamiliar with quantum mechanics would be well served to reference chapter 2 of [NC00] in order to gain a deeper understanding of the notation covered in section 3 of this paper. Likewise, a quantum physicist would be well served to reference chapter 15 of [Garg04] to more deeply understand the fault modeling of distributed computing covered in section 2 and section 5.
This book explores quantum computing as a transformative technology and its applications in cryptography, teleportation, IoT, AI, Blockchain, and the futurist concept of quantum internet. It explains the fundamentals of quantum computing and how it’s different from classic computing. The challenges facing quantum computing will be discussed, and the types of quantum computing will be introduced and explained. The concept and types of Qubit and its implications on quantum computing applications will be explained.
From Distributed Quantum Computing to Quantum Internet Computing Understand the future of the internet with this accessible guide Quantum computing, which draws upon the principles of quantum mechanics to perform computing functions unrestricted by the binary language of ordinary computing, has developed with extraordinary speed in recent years. Progress in quantum computing and its related technological subfields, including quantum internet, has been rapid enough to suggest that we are living in a “new Quantum Age.” To understand the future of the internet, it’s now essential to understand the present and future of quantum computing and quantum internet computing. This book provides a groundbreaking overview of this field of technology and its latest developments. It provides readers with a working knowledge of the key topics required to connect quantum computing to the future of distributed computing and the internet, including important issues like quantum protocols, distributed quantum computations, fundamental computations in the quantum internet architecture, and more. The result is an accessible and essential reference for any reader looking to better understand quantum technologies. From Distributed Quantum Computing to Quantum Internet Computing readers will also find: Detailed discussion of topics including qubit states, entanglement, quantum gates, and more. Mathematical background for underlying key concepts. Worked out examples that aim to initiate readers into the emerging area of quantum internet computing. This book is ideal for researchers and graduate students in quantum computing, quantum internet, quantum communications, and related fields, as well as Computer Scientists and Information Technology students and researchers who want an introductory overview to quantum internet computing.