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Optics Letters

Photonic Fock state generation using superradiance

Qihang Liu, Jung‐Tsung Shen

Published Aug 17, 2022• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Photonic Fock states are the most basic quantum states of a radiation field, but arbitrary number states are still difficult to produce. Here we propose to use superradiant atoms in a chiral waveguide to generate multi-photon Fock states deterministically. We calculate the explicit forms of the output quantum photonic states and their correlation functions. We further establish the conditions for the output optical fields to approach the Fock states asymptotically.

DOI
10.1364/ol.468481

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Photonic Fock states are the most basic quantum states of a radiation field, but arbitrary number states are still difficult to produce. Here we propose to use superradiant atoms in a chiral waveguide to generate multi-photon Fock states deterministically. We calculate the explicit forms of the output quantum photonic states and their correlation functions. We further establish the conditions for the output optical fields to approach the Fock states asymptotically.
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An optical field with a definite number of photons is very important for quantum metrology and quantum information. Some theoretical protocols for creating such a Fock-state have been proposed, but it is still a big challenge to produce it with a large number photons experimentally. We revisit the system of atoms inside an optical parametric oscillator that was proposed in 1990s, and it is found that for the atom ensemble, the optical Fock-state with an arbitrary number of photons can be generated. Compared to the previous proposals, the scheme presented here is simple and seems physically realizable. The system also provides the possibility to demonstrate the strong interaction between nonclassical light and atoms in a confined space.
Photonic states with large and fixed photon numbers, such as Fock states, enable quantum-enhanced metrology but remain an experimentally elusive resource. A potentially simple, deterministic, and scalable way to generate these states consists of fully exciting NNN quantum emitters equally coupled to a common photonic reservoir, which leads to a collective decay known as Dicke superradiance. The emitted NNN-photon state turns out to be a highly entangled multimode state, and to characterize its metrological properties in this work we (i) develop theoretical tools to compute the quantum Fisher information of general multimode photonic states, (ii) use it to show that Dicke superradiant photons in one-dimensional waveguides achieve Heisenberg scaling, which can be saturated by a parity measurement, and (iii) study the robustness of these states to experimental limitations in state-of-the-art atom-waveguide QED setups.
We investigate the problem of arbitrary photonic-Fock-state scattering in a waveguide-QED system which consists of a one-dimensional waveguide coupled to a two-level system. By imposing the open boundary conditions that directly describe the physical settings, we construct a complete set of eigenstates of the system, and elucidate the mathematical structures of the eigenstates. In particular, we show that the eigenstates include a set of multiphoton extended states and multiphoton bound states, formed by all possible partitions of the photon number NNN. The total number of the eigenstates is exactly described by the integer number partition function Z(N)Z(N)Z(N). Using the set of eigenstates, we form the scattering matrix, which facilitates the calculations of the scattered photon states, for the scattering processes. With the scattered photon states, we compute the photon correlation functions that manifestly exhibit the bunching and antibunching behaviors in the scattered photon states. As a concrete example, we discuss in detail with a focus on the three-photon Fock state. Such a capability to generate photonic entanglement from unentangled Fock states will have broad applications in quantum information processing.
Atomic-ensemble spin waves carrying single-photon Fock states exhibit nonclassical many-body correlations in between atoms. The same correlations are inherently associated with single-photon superradiance, forming the basis of a plethora of quantum light-matter interfaces. We devise a scheme allowing the preparation of spatially structured superradiant states in the atomic two-photon cascade using spin-wave light storage. We thus show that long-lived atomic ground-state spin waves can be converted to photon pairs, opening the way towards nonlinear optics of spin waves via multi-wave-mixing processes.
A scheme to utilize atomlike emitters coupled to nanophotonic waveguides is proposed for the generation of many-body entangled states and for the reversible mapping of these states of matter to photonic states of an optical pulse in the waveguide. Our protocol makes use of decoherence-free subspaces (DFSs) for the atomic emitters with coherent evolution within the DFSs enforced by strong dissipative coupling to the waveguide. By switching from subradiant to superradiant states, entangled atomic states are mapped to photonic states with high fidelity. An implementation using ultracold atoms coupled to a photonic crystal waveguide is discussed.