Modeling of Low-Frequency Nuclear Magnetic Noise in Silicon Qubits.

Addressing and mitigating decoherence sources plays an essential role in the development of a scalable quantum computing system, which requires low gate errors to be consistently maintained throughout the circuit execution. While nuclear spin-free materials, such as isotopically purified silicon, exhibit intrinsically promising coherence properties for electron spin qubits, the omnipresent charge noise, when converted to magnetic noise under a strong magnetic field gradient, often hinders stable qubit operation within a time frame comparable to the data acquisition time. Here, we demonstrate both open- and closed-loop suppression techniques for the transduced noise in silicon spin qubits, resulting in a more than two-fold (ten-fold) improvement of the inhomogeneous coherence time (Rabi oscillation quality) that leads to a single-qubit gate fidelity of over 99.6% even in the presence of a strong decoherence field gradient. Utilizing gate set tomography, we show that adaptive qubit control also reduces the non-Markovian noise in the system, which validates the stability of the gate fidelity. The technique can be used to learn multiple Hamiltonian parameters and is useful for the intermittent calibration of the circuit parameters with affordable experimental overhead, providing a useful subroutine during the repeated execution of general quantum circuits. Nuclear spin-free materials like 28Si show promising electron spin coherence times, but qubit operation still suffers from low-frequency noise. Here the authors address this by applying open- and closed-loop feedback control methods including real-time Hamiltonian parameter estimation and dynamic voltage pulsing.Addressing and mitigating decoherence sources plays an essential role in the development of a scalable quantum computing system, which requires low gate errors to be consistently maintained throughout the circuit execution. While nuclear spin-free materials, such as isotopically purified silicon, exhibit intrinsically promising coherence properties for electron spin qubits, the omnipresent charge noise, when converted to magnetic noise under a strong magnetic field gradient, often hinders stable qubit operation within a time frame comparable to the data acquisition time. Here, we demonstrate both open- and closed-loop suppression techniques for the transduced noise in silicon spin qubits, resulting in a more than two-fold (ten-fold) improvement of the inhomogeneous coherence time (Rabi oscillation quality) that leads to a single-qubit gate fidelity of over 99.6% even in the presence of a strong decoherence field gradient. Utilizing gate set tomography, we show that adaptive qubit control also reduces the non-Markovian noise in the system, which validates the stability of the gate fidelity. The technique can be used to learn multiple Hamiltonian parameters and is useful for the intermittent calibration of the circuit parameters with affordable experimental overhead, providing a useful subroutine during the repeated execution of general quantum circuits. Nuclear spin-free materials like 28Si show promising electron spin coherence times, but qubit operation still suffers from low-frequency noise. Here the authors address this by applying open- and closed-loop feedback control methods including real-time Hamiltonian parameter estimation and dynamic voltage pulsing.

arXiv:2403.02666Nature CommunicationsJan 2, 20258 citations

Noise-resilient and Scalable Quantum Error Correction for Nuclear Spin Qubits in Silicon with Electron Shuttling

Wayne M. Witzel, Matthew D. Grace, Dwight R. Luhman

Nuclear spin qubits in silicon are well-isolated from their environment. Consequently, they have very long lifetimes and low sensitivity to noise, but this also suggests that control and measurement is challenging. We introduce electron pair interferometry (EPI), a protocol to overcome this challenge and maintain robustness to noise. EPI is implemented using an array of quantum dots with isoelectronic nuclear spin qubits located in the dots. A pair of electrons are initialized into a singlet ground state, split apart, and shuttled to the dots containing nuclear spin qubits. We show it is possible to coherently transfer the parity of the nuclei onto the measurable state of singlet/triplet-encoded electrons. Global nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be used to change bases and implement dynamical decoupling (DD). Combined with selective hyperfine-induced $Z_π$ rotations, our gate set is complete for universal quantum computation, tailored to Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) quantum error correction, and robust to noise. We discuss very low sensitivity to charge noise and study the sensitivity to both DC and AC magnetic field inhomogeneity which depends strongly on their relative strengths.Nuclear spin qubits in silicon are well-isolated from their environment. Consequently, they have very long lifetimes and low sensitivity to noise, but this also suggests that control and measurement is challenging. We introduce electron pair interferometry (EPI), a protocol to overcome this challenge and maintain robustness to noise. EPI is implemented using an array of quantum dots with isoelectronic nuclear spin qubits located in the dots. A pair of electrons are initialized into a singlet ground state, split apart, and shuttled to the dots containing nuclear spin qubits. We show it is possible to coherently transfer the parity of the nuclei onto the measurable state of singlet/triplet-encoded electrons. Global nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be used to change bases and implement dynamical decoupling (DD). Combined with selective hyperfine-induced $Z_π$ rotations, our gate set is complete for universal quantum computation, tailored to Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) quantum error correction, and robust to noise. We discuss very low sensitivity to charge noise and study the sensitivity to both DC and AC magnetic field inhomogeneity which depends strongly on their relative strengths.

quant-pharXiv:2607.27527Jul 31, 20260 citations

Low-frequency Flux Noise in SQUIDs and Superconducting Qubits

S. Sendelbach, David J. Hover, A. Kittel +2 more

Bulletin of the American Physical SocietyMar 11, 20080 citations

Coherence protection of a silicon hole spin qubit with phase-modulated microwave driving

Sayyid I. Ibad, Yusuke Sato, Takuma Kuno +8 more

Hole spins in silicon quantum dots are a promising platform for quantum computing due to their strong intrinsic spin-orbit coupling (SOC), which enables fast, all-electrical control. However, this coupling also increases their susceptibility to charge noise, thereby limiting coherence times. Moreover, holes in silicon are also affected by hyperfine interactions with residual nuclear spins in the silicon substrate, introducing a non-negligible source of low-frequency noise. Here, we implement a phase-modulated concatenated continuous driving (CCD) technique for hole spin qubits to suppress low-frequency noise through microwave phase modulation. This approach stabilizes Rabi oscillations and extends the oscillation decay time compared to the conventional method. Furthermore, by defining a qubit in the CCD frame, we achieve coherent control while simultaneously protecting the qubit from noise, confirming coherence protection during gate operations. These results demonstrate a viable route toward noise-robust hole spin qubits.Hole spins in silicon quantum dots are a promising platform for quantum computing due to their strong intrinsic spin-orbit coupling (SOC), which enables fast, all-electrical control. However, this coupling also increases their susceptibility to charge noise, thereby limiting coherence times. Moreover, holes in silicon are also affected by hyperfine interactions with residual nuclear spins in the silicon substrate, introducing a non-negligible source of low-frequency noise. Here, we implement a phase-modulated concatenated continuous driving (CCD) technique for hole spin qubits to suppress low-frequency noise through microwave phase modulation. This approach stabilizes Rabi oscillations and extends the oscillation decay time compared to the conventional method. Furthermore, by defining a qubit in the CCD frame, we achieve coherent control while simultaneously protecting the qubit from noise, confirming coherence protection during gate operations. These results demonstrate a viable route toward noise-robust hole spin qubits.

cond-mat.mes-hallCross-listedarXiv:2608.19696Aug 21, 2026

ENGINEERING NOISE-PROTECTION IN SUPERCONDUCTING QUBITS

PARK KUN HEE

Mar 20, 20250 citations

Z_π

rotations, our gate set is complete for universal quantum computation, tailored to Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) quantum error correction, and robust to noise. We discuss very low sensitivity to charge noise and study the sensitivity to both DC and AC magnetic field inhomogeneity which depends strongly on their relative strengths.