A century ago, the energy quantization hypothesis required to derive Planck's formula has been proposed as the foundations of the quantum theory. So far, this quantization hypothesis still lacks complete theoretical proof and interpretation, even no answer for why the quantization occurs. Here Planck's quantization hypothesis has been proved completely in pure theoretical methods, and accompanied by a full interpretation of the related physical laws. A new physical and mathematical expression of Planck's law has been achieved. From now on, the energy quantum presumption is no longer the premise hypothesis of quantum theory, but the credible conclusion.
A century ago, the energy quantization hypothesis required to derive Planck's formula has been proposed as the foundations of the quantum theory. So far, this quantization hypothesis still lacks complete theoretical proof and interpretation, even no answer for why the quantization occurs. Here Planck's quantization hypothesis has been proved completely in pure theoretical methods, and accompanied by a full interpretation of the related physical laws. A new physical and mathematical expression of Planck's law has been achieved. From now on, the energy quantum presumption is no longer the premise hypothesis of quantum theory, but the credible conclusion.
The current physical view of the Universe (the Metaphysics of Physics) is one that just does not make sense and is counter-intuitive to our Experience. It begins with the Quantization of Energy Hypothesis used by Planck to derive his blackbody radiation formula and by Einstein to explain the photoelectric effect, which later evolved into Quantum Mechanics. By examining these conceptual foundations of Modern Physics we are able to show that the same experimental facts that lead to Quantum Physics can be differently explained without using energy quanta, continuously and not discretely. We are able to derive Planck's Law without using quanta and explain the photoelectric effect without needing photons. We summarize in this paper results presented in a series of papers that show with mathematical reasoning and rigor how this is possible. The main purpose of this endeavor is to create a view of the Universe that 'makes sense', that agrees with our Experience and provides physical meaning to our Understanding of it.
The birth of quantum theory is often narrated as a story about the “mysterious laws of the microscopic world.” This paper argues that such a narrative is misleading. The essence of quantum theory originated from a classical pattern mismatch: physicists mistakenly applied the energy-distribution pattern of thermodynamics to the vibrational modes of electromagnetic radiation. Planck’s hypothesis of energy quantization was not the discovery of a new law of the microscopic world, but a forced mathematical patch introduced to reconcile the incompatible interfaces of two conceptual structures. Interpreting quantum theory as a revelation of “microscopic”mysteries is a philosophical error that has unnecessarily obscured its true origin. 量子论的诞生,通常被讲述为一个关于“微观世界神秘规律”的故事。本文指出,这种叙事是误导性的。量子论的本质,起源于一次经典的 模式错配:物理学家错误地将热力学的能量分配模式,套用在了电磁辐射的模式上。普朗克的能量量子化假设,并非发现了“微观世界”的新规律,而是为了在数学上弥合这两种模式之间的接口不匹配而被迫引入的修正项。将量子论归因于“微观”世界的神秘性,是一个哲学错误,它为后来的理解造成了不必要的障碍。
Quantum Mechanics and its Interpretations Peter E. Hodgson (bio) Quantum Mechanics is an elegant and indeed beautiful formalism, and enables the results of many physical measurements to be calculated with great accuracy. But from the earliest days there has been intense debate about the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and it shows no signs of being settled; if anything, it is becoming more intense over the years. It should therefore be evident that the most that can be done here is to try to show where the real difficul-ties lie, and how the failure to recognize that quantum mechanics is an essentially statistical theory has led to a series of confusing quantum paradoxes. It is just these paradoxes that have often been used to support theological speculations. The Discovery of the Quantum The quantum nature of the physical world was discovered by Max Planck in the early years of the twentieth century. He was studying thermodynamics and his attention was drawn to the frequency distribution of black-body radiation. This radiation is emitted from a small hole in a heated enclosure with rough walls, which ensures [End Page 62] that the radiation reaches statistical equilibrium before emission. The frequency distribution is found to be independent of the material lining the walls of the oven, so Planck realized that it must be a fundamental characteristic of all matter. This frequency distribution had been measured by several experimentalists, and Planck resolved to try to see how it can be derived theoretically. Already Rayleigh and Jeans had used classical radiation theory to derive an expression that fitted the data well at low frequencies but tended to infinity at high energies, which was of course unacceptable. The physicist Wien had derived a formula that fitted the data at high frequencies but failed at low frequencies. Planck used an ingenious argument based on entropy to interpolate between these two formulae and obtained a formula, now known as the Planck distribution, that fitted the data perfectly. His next task was to understand the physics behind his formula. He used the familiar technique of assuming that the energy is emitted in small finite amounts, and then let their size tend to zero, so as to represent a continuous distribution. To his great surprise, the intermediate formula with discrete amounts of energy, called quanta, gave the Planck distribution, but the final result, with infinitely small quanta, did not. All his instincts as a physicist rebelled against this conclusion. Surely energy must be emitted continuously. He tried hard to find a way to avoid this unwelcome conclusion, but without success. He had to admit that it is a feature of the world. Soon it was confirmed by Einstein’s interpretation of the photoelectric effect. This story shows clearly that physicists do not impose their ideas on the world, but recognize and accept what they find, whether or not it agrees with their original ideas. The world is made by God in ways that often we cannot imagine. [End Page 63] The Old Quantum Theory A few years later Rutherford discovered that the atom has a small central nucleus containing most of its mass surrounded by a number of electrons. Bohr used the idea of the quantum to build his model of the atom. He assumed that the electrons go around the nucleus in discrete orbits, and that radiation is emitted when an electron falls from one orbit to a lower one. With this model, he was able to calculate to high accuracy the frequencies of the radiation emitted from an excited hydrogen atom. This was a great achievement, but to get his result he had to assume that the electrons stayed in their orbits, whereas classical theory predicted that they would continuously lose energy and rapidly spiral into the nucleus. Quantum Mechanics and its Interpretations These problems were solved by the development of quantum mechanics in the 1920s by Heisenberg, Schrodinger, Dirac, and others. This enabled what is called the wave function to be calculated for any physical system, and from the wave function the probabilities of occurrence of measurable quantities can be found. It is a beautiful theory, and is the indispensable means of calculation for atomic, nuclear...
In 1900, Planck presented an equation that became fundamental to quantum physics and paved the way for interpreting the nature of radiation. However, in a 1911 article where he attempted to theoretically justify this equation, some errors might have been introduced. In this paper, Planck proposed that the central concept in quantum physics is the quantum of action, which diminished the significance of the energy quantum. Many researchers argue that this approach was flawed, as it contradicted the foundational ideas he introduced in 1900, termed the “quantum hypothesis.”
A century ago, the energy quantization hypothesis and wave-particle duality have been proposed as the foundations of the quantum theory, but still lacking complete theoretical proof and interpretation. For the first time, the "quantized wave particle duality equation" is expressed by a way of physical and mathematical formulas, which simply compose of three factors: the quantized resonant eigenvalue, interaction or transition time, and sum of translational kinetic energy; and accompanied by a full interpretation of the related physical laws. From now on, they are no longer the premise hypothesis of quantum theory, but the inevitable conclusion. The long-term conflict between quantum theory and classical physics has been resolved, which is actually a self-consistent and coherent theoretical system.