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Modern Physics Letters B

Quantum network coding based on six-qubit entangled state

Xiang Chen, Ri‐Gui Zhou, Xin Li, Yaochong Li

Published May 10, 2022• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In order to improve the security and transmission efficiency of quantum network coding (QNC), we propose a new QNC scheme based on butterfly network. The scheme uses two groups of GHZ states to distribute quantum entangled states through intermediate nodes, so as to establish the connection between multiple nodes and achieve safe and reliable quantum traffic. This paper can not only improve the security of QNC, but also reduce the transmission of particles and improve the anti-interference ability of information. Compared with the traditional network coding method based on a priori entanglement, our scheme is a better attempt.

DOI
10.1142/s0217984922500658

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In order to improve the security and transmission efficiency of quantum network coding (QNC), we propose a new QNC scheme based on butterfly network. The scheme uses two groups of GHZ states to distribute quantum entangled states through intermediate nodes, so as to establish the connection between multiple nodes and achieve safe and reliable quantum traffic. This paper can not only improve the security of QNC, but also reduce the transmission of particles and improve the anti-interference ability of information. Compared with the traditional network coding method based on a priori entanglement, our scheme is a better attempt.
Inspired by the structure of the network coding over the butterfly network, a framework of quantum network coding scheme is investigated, which transmits two unknown quantum states crossly over the butterfly quantum system with the multi-photon non-maximally entangled GHZ states. In this scheme, it contains certain number of entanglement-qubit source nodes that teleport unknown quantum states to other nodes on the small-scale network where each intermediate node can pass on its received quantum states to others via superdense coding. In order to transmit the unknown states in a deterministic way, the controlled quantum teleportation is adopted on the intermediate node. It makes legal nodes more convenient than any other previous teleportation schemes to transmit unknown quantum states to unknown participants in applications. It shows that the intrinsic efficiency of transmissions approaches 100% in principle. This scheme is secure based on the securely-shared quantum channels between all nodes and the quantum mechanical impossibility of local unitary transformations between non-maximally entangled GHZ states. Moreover, the generalized scheme is proposed for transmitting two multipartite entangled states. DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i2.2031
Abstract Quantum network coding (QNC) can encode and decode quantum information, thereby improving the communication efficiency. However, it is vulnerable to pollution attacks, which will lead to invalid transmission throughout the quantum network. Inspired by the idea of quantum state sharing (QSTS), we introduce QSTS into QNC for the first time to address security issues such as pollution attacks. Subsequently, a novel QNC scheme against pollution attacks based on QSTS is proposed in the paper. In the scheme, the first intermediate node encodes quantum states and performs the first round of sharing. Meanwhile, it conducts an XOR operation on the classical information. The second intermediate node encodes quantum states and performs the second round of sharing. Meanwhile, it duplicates the classical information. Different from the first one, it needs to distribute the quantum state to two receivers by means of quantum teleportation, measurement by using the designed basis, and unitary operations. Finally, the receiver performs the third round of sharing on the quantum state, then verifies the existence of pollution attacks by comparing the quantum information with the classical information. Through performance analysis, the proposed scheme can realize that receivers can receive the quantum state from senders with the fidelity of 1 and the success probability of 1 simultaneously. In addition, we also apply the scheme to the extended butterfly network, which demonstrates superior extensibility and practicability.
The intermediate communication nodes are allowed by network coding to encode the received data. Moreover, it has been confirmed that the upper limit of the communication network capacity can be achieved, which is conducive to improving the throughput of the communication network, but it is vulnerable to pollution attacks when the classic channels are used as the auxiliary resources. Although the quantum network coding can be used to increase the transmission speed of quantum bits per unit time based on the existing channels, the same security problems have arisen from quantum network coding in terms of the pollution attacks. In this paper, based on the anti-pollution characteristics of quantum signatures, a kind of quantum blind signature network coding scheme is put forward. Since various performances of the signature added in the process of data transmission will be improved, the blind signature is added at the intermediate node of the secure butterfly network and the data has been blinded by means of the quantum entanglement characteristics, yet the data of the intermediate node data packet has not been changed. According to the analysis results, it has defended against pollution attacks with high fidelity, low resource consumption, and low rate area.
Quantum network coding is used to overcome the congestion problem in quantum networks, which can effectively improve the transmission efficiency and total throughput of quantum networks. Here, we propose a time-bin complexing network coding method for crossly transmitting two arbitrary single-qubit states over the butterfly network. To solve the congestion problem, a single photon with polarization and time-bin degrees of freedom acts as a bridge to entangle the two-dimensional quantum memories of two intermediate nodes in a heralded way. Finally, quantum 2-pair unicast communication is completed based on quantum teleportation and the heralded double entangled channels. Concerning dishonest intermediate nodes being concerned, a security-enhanced quantum 2-pair unicast communication protocol is presented. Security and performance are analyzed, and the result shows that the improved protocol is secure against the general entangle-measure attack of intermediate nodes. It can be extended to multiple unicast communication over a more general quantum network by exploiting the time-bin complexing technique.
Based on the typical example of butterfly network,this paper promoted a quantum network coding scheme including the transmission of classical information and the unknown qubit.It improved effectively the overall performance of the network which could achieve the maximizing information transmission in quantum network.Remarkably,here it did not require classic channel,only had quantum channel.It mad use of qubit as register to transmit classical information.No matter what send was unknown qubit or classical bit,both could be encoded with register and decoded without classical assistant information.It's effective to improve security of this scheme.
Classical network coding uses encoding of information over networks to achieve secure and high throughput communication with low latency. Its quantum analog, namely Quantum Network Coding (QNC) is a promising protocol to achieve quantum communication over quantum networks. In this paper, we propose a method for establishing QNC in Measurement-Based Quantum Computing (MBQC), which is a universal quantum computational model. We demonstrate that the problem of multiple unicast or multiple multicast of distinct computational basis states over a quantum network can be solved by simulating existing classical networks, with the CNOT implementation in MBQC as a basis for transmitting and encoding of states. We also show how it can be further extended to simultaneously distribute the Bell pairs and Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states required for quantum communication between distant transmitter and corresponding receiver nodes of a network.