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IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)

Generalized minimum-distance decoding in Euclidean-space: performance analysis

D. Agrawal, A. Vardy

Published Nov 22, 2002• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Detailed geometric analysis of decoding regions for GMD decoding is presented. We show that GMD decoding regions are non-convex in essentially all cases of interest. We also prove that these regions are always bounded by hyperplane segments. For d-erasure GMD decoding, we establish the presence of a large number of bounding hyperplanes at distance /spl les/d+1. These results invalidate the estimates of performance derived from the union bound in the case of (multistage) GMD decoding. Alternative probabilistic estimates of, and upper bounds upon, the performance of GMD decoding are developed. Simulation results, for both low-dimensional and high-dimensional sphere packings, are in remarkably close agreement with our probabilistic approximations.

DOI
10.1109/isit.1997.613230

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Detailed geometric analysis of decoding regions for GMD decoding is presented. We show that GMD decoding regions are non-convex in essentially all cases of interest. We also prove that these regions are always bounded by hyperplane segments. For d-erasure GMD decoding, we establish the presence of a large number of bounding hyperplanes at distance /spl les/d+1. These results invalidate the estimates of performance derived from the union bound in the case of (multistage) GMD decoding. Alternative probabilistic estimates of, and upper bounds upon, the performance of GMD decoding are developed. Simulation results, for both low-dimensional and high-dimensional sphere packings, are in remarkably close agreement with our probabilistic approximations.
It is shown that multistage generalized minimum- distance (GMD) decoding of Euclidean-space codes and lattices can provide an excellent tradeoff between performance and com- plexity. We introduce a reliability metric for Gaussian channels that is easily computed from an inner product, and prove that a multistage GMD decoder using this metric is a bounded- distance decoder up to the true packing radius. The effective error coefficient of multistage GMD decoding is determined. Two simple modifications in the GMD decoding algorithm that drastically reduce this error coefficient are proposed. It is shown that with these modifications GMD decoding achieves the error coefficient of maximum-likelihood decoding for block codes and for generalized Construction A lattices. Multistage GMD decod- ing of the lattices Dg, Ea, K12, BW16, and A24 is investigated in detail. For 1<12,BW~, and A24, the GMD decoders have considerably lower complexity than the best known maximum- likelihood or bounded-distance decoding algorithms, and appear to be the most practically attractive decoders available. For high-dimensional codes and lattices (2 64 dimensions) maximum- likelihood decoding becomes infeasible, while GMD decoding algorithms remain quite practical. As an example, we devise a multistage GMD decoder for a 128-dimensional sphere packing with a nominal coding gain of 8.98 dB that attains an effective error coefficient of 1 365 760. This decoder requires only about 400 real operations, in addition to algebraic errors-and-erasures decoding of certain BCH and Hamming codes. It therefore ap- pears to be practically feasible to implement algebraic multistage GMD decoders for high-dimensional sphere packings, and thus achieve high effective coding gains.
The overall number of nearest neighbors in bounded distance decoding (BDD) algorithms is given by N/sub 0,eff/=N/sub 0/+N/sub BDD/. Where NBDD denotes the number of additional, non-codeword, neighbors that are generated during the (suboptimal) decoding process. We identify and enumerate the nearest neighbors associated with the original generalized minimum distance (GMD) and Chase (1972) decoding algorithms. After careful examination of the decision regions of these algorithms, we derive an approximated probability ratio between the error contribution of a noncodeword neighbor (one of N/sub BDD/ points) and a codeword nearest neighbor. For Chase algorithm 1 it is shown that the contribution to the error probability of a noncodeword nearest neighbor is a factor of 2/sup d-1/ less than the contribution of a codeword, while for Chase algorithm 2 the factor is 2/sup [d/2]-1/, d being the minimum Hamming distance of the code. For Chase algorithm 3 and GMD, a recursive procedure for calculating this ratio, which turns out to be nonexponential in d, is presented. This procedure can also be used for specifically identifying the error patterns associated with Chase algorithm 3 and GMD. Utilizing the probability ratio, we propose an improved approximated upper bound on the probability of error based on the union bound approach. Simulation results are given to demonstrate and support the analytical derivations.
For binary linear block codes, we introduce a multiple generalized minimum distance (GMD) decoding algorithm, where GMD-like decoding is iterated around a few appropriately selected search centers. Compared with the original GMD decoding by Forney (1966), this decoding algorithm provides better error performance by increasing the number of iterations of erasure and error correction moderately. To reduce the number of iterations, we derive new effective sufficient conditions on the optimality of decoded codewords.
The error-correction capability and the performance of generalized minimum distance decod- ing based on threshold erasing is studied as a function of the number of decoding trials and of the allowable reliability values. Generalized Minimum Distance (GMD) decoding, as intro- duced by Forney (l), is a multitrial decoding algorithm that combines reliability information, represented by numbers in the closed interval (0,1), with algebraic decoding algorithms for error correction. In each trial, a fixed number of the most unreliable symbols in the received sequence is erased. If a cer- tain distance criterion is satisfied, Forney has shown that the transmitted codeword can be retrieved in at most (d/2) trials, where d is the Hamming distance of the code. In this work, we study a variation on Forney's scheme where, in each trial, symbols whose reliabilities are below a certain threshold are erased, and hence there is no need to sort the received symbols according to reliability values be- fore erasing as in Forney's GMD decoding. Furthermore, we consider limiting the allowable reliability values to the set R, = u~=mo/2'{1 - 2i/m}, where m = 1,2,3,. . .. This covers the simple cases of taking only hard decisions (m = l), allow- ing erasures (m = 2), or accommodating the full range (0,1) of reliability values as in Forney's GMD decoding (m + 00). Limiting the reliability values may be of importance since, in any digital implementation, the reliability values need to be quantized. Moreover, in some applications, e.g., GMD decod- ing of concatenated codes over discrete channels, the reliabil- ity values are discrete in nature (2). The maximum number of trials is kept as a parameter. Limiting the reliability values and the number of trials leads to the concept of reduced GMD decoding.