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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Optical potential for atom guidance in a dark hollow laser beam

Jianping Yin, Yifu Zhu, Wenbao Wang, Yuzhu Wang, Wonho Jhe

Published Jan 1, 1998• 86 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We analyze the optical potential for atom guidance in a dark hollow laser beam and compare it with that generated by the evanescent wave in a micrometer-sized hollow optical fiber. We calculate dependence of the optical potential on various parameters: radial position r, laser–atom detuning Δ, beam power P0, and propagation distance Z. We experimentally generated a dark hollow laser beam from a hollow optical fiber with a 7-μm hole diameter and obtained a coupling efficiency of ∼50% for the LP01 mode. Our study shows that a dark hollow laser beam can produce an optical potential deep enough to guide cold atoms from a magneto-optical trap.

DOI
10.1364/josab.15.000025

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We analyze the optical potential for atom guidance in a dark hollow laser beam and compare it with that generated by the evanescent wave in a micrometer-sized hollow optical fiber. We calculate dependence of the optical potential on various parameters: radial position r, laser–atom detuning Δ, beam power P0, and propagation distance Z. We experimentally generated a dark hollow laser beam from a hollow optical fiber with a 7-μm hole diameter and obtained a coupling efficiency of ∼50% for the LP01 mode. Our study shows that a dark hollow laser beam can produce an optical potential deep enough to guide cold atoms from a magneto-optical trap.
We propose and analyze theoretically a scheme for atomic guiding and cooling in a dark hollow laser beam generated from the collimated output beam of a LP01{\mathrm{LP}}_{01}LP01​ mode in a micrometer-sized hollow optical fiber. In the scheme, cold atoms from a magneto-optical trap are loaded into the blue-detuned dark hollow beam, move down in the dark hollow beam, and experience transverse Sisyphus cooling induced by the dark hollow beam and a weak repumping beam. In the longitudinal direction, the guided atoms experience heating from the gravity field and cooling from the upward-propagating dark hollow beam and repumping beam. We estimate the transverse two-dimensional equilibrium temperature, the final longitudinal mean velocity, and the total loss of the guided atoms. Our calculations show that a transverse equilibrium temperature of $\ensuremath{\sim}1.2\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K},$ a final longitudinal mean velocity of 0--4.41 m/s, and a guiding efficiency of 65--95 % may be obtained.
We propose an atomic funnel consisting of a dark hollow, divergent laser beam and an evanescent light in a short micron-sized hollow optical fiber. The cold atoms extracted from a magneto-optical trap experience effective Sisyphus cooling in the dark hollow beam. We calculate the potential barriers for atomic guiding in the evanescent light and the dark hollow beam, and analyze the atomic losses during the guiding and funneling process. Our results show that the equilibrium three-dimensional root-mean-square momentum of about $4.5\ensuremath{\Elzxh}k$ (temperature $\ensuremath{\sim}2.5\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$) and the funneling efficiency of about 95% could be obtained. A low-velocity, intense coherent atomic beam can be generated in this funnel scheme and its potential applications in atom optics are briefly discussed.
We present a general theory of atom guiding in a blue-detuned hollow laser beam. Using the dressed-atom approach, we obtain the mean dipole gradient force, the radiation pressure force, and the momentum diffusion coefficients for three-level Λ-type cold atoms. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we calculate the guiding efficiencies and the final velocity distributions of atoms for various conditions. We find that the guiding efficiency depends not only on the intensity and detuning of the guiding hollow beam but also on the atom-guiding direction with respect to the propagation direction of the hollow laser beam. Comparing our analyses with recent experimental results, we find that they are mutually consistent. The results that we present can also be applied to atom guiding by hollow optical fibers.
Atom guiding in an atomic funnel is very useful for many interesting atom optical experiments requiring the precise control of atomic motion. We have obtained a doughnut-shaped laser beam by coupling a Ti:sapphire laser into a hollow core optical fiber and collimating the output laser beam of the fiber with a microscope objective lens. Using such a doughnut-shaped laser beam [2 mm inner diameter and a 5 mm outer diameter at the trapping position (about 1m away from the objective lens)l, we have guided the trapped cold Rb atoms in the atomic funnel.
Summary form only given. The optical guidance of cold atoms by the hollow laser beam (HLB) with blue detuning has been well understood experimentally and theoretically (Xinye Xu et al, 2000). Based on this clear understanding and the development of an efficient atomic guiding, we have performed the experiment of optically guided atomic fountain by using a blue-detuned cylindrical HLB. An HLB was generated from a micron-sized hollow optical fiber and collimated by the objective lens and propagates downwards to the center of a magneto-optical trap (MOT). We have demonstrated tenfold enhancement of the atom-funneling efficiency for the HLB-guided atomic fountain, which may lead to improved performance of atom optical experiments based on the atomic fountain such as the Rb atomic clock.
We calculate electric field distributions of the output beam from a LP01 mode in a micro-sized hollow optical fiber under the Fresnel approximation and find that the output beam characteristics in free space is similar to that of a TEM01* doughnut laser beam. We propose a simple theoretical model, a modified TEM01* doughnut beam, to simulate the free-space output beam from the LP01 mode in hollow fibers, and discuss potential applications of the LP01-mode output beam in atomic guiding, funneling, cooling, and trapping. Our study shows that this model is in good agreement with the numerical results derived from the Fresnel diffraction theory (except near the weak first-order diffraction ring around the zero-order diffraction peak). The model can be conveniently used to calculate the optical potential, gradient force, light-induced acceleration, spontaneous-emission rate, and quantum tunneling loss in atomic guiding, funneling, and trapping with the LP01-mode output beam in free space. It can be also used to study the optical-potential evaporative cooling of cold atoms in a gravito-optical trap constructed by the LP01-mode output beam.