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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR)

Atom guiding and cooling by a dark hollow laser beam

Kwanil Lee, Xinye Xu, Seunghyup Yoo, Yuzhu Wang, Wonho Jhe

Published Jan 20, 2003• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Atom guiding in an atomic funnel is very useful for many interesting atom optical experiments requiring the precise control of atomic motion. We have obtained a doughnut-shaped laser beam by coupling a Ti:sapphire laser into a hollow core optical fiber and collimating the output laser beam of the fiber with a microscope objective lens. Using such a doughnut-shaped laser beam [2 mm inner diameter and a 5 mm outer diameter at the trapping position (about 1m away from the objective lens)l, we have guided the trapped cold Rb atoms in the atomic funnel.

DOI
10.1109/cleopr.1999.817744

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Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference•Nov 13, 2002•0 citations
Atom guiding in an atomic funnel is very useful for many interesting atom optical experiments requiring the precise control of atomic motion. We have obtained a doughnut-shaped laser beam by coupling a Ti:sapphire laser into a hollow core optical fiber and collimating the output laser beam of the fiber with a microscope objective lens. Using such a doughnut-shaped laser beam [2 mm inner diameter and a 5 mm outer diameter at the trapping position (about 1m away from the objective lens)l, we have guided the trapped cold Rb atoms in the atomic funnel.
Summary form only given. The optical guidance of cold atoms by the hollow laser beam (HLB) with blue detuning has been well understood experimentally and theoretically (Xinye Xu et al, 2000). Based on this clear understanding and the development of an efficient atomic guiding, we have performed the experiment of optically guided atomic fountain by using a blue-detuned cylindrical HLB. An HLB was generated from a micron-sized hollow optical fiber and collimated by the objective lens and propagates downwards to the center of a magneto-optical trap (MOT). We have demonstrated tenfold enhancement of the atom-funneling efficiency for the HLB-guided atomic fountain, which may lead to improved performance of atom optical experiments based on the atomic fountain such as the Rb atomic clock.
We propose an atomic funnel composed of an evanescent-light mirror produced in a conical hollow prism. The funneling of cold Rb atoms released from a magneto-optical trap is simulated in the scheme of the evanescent-light-induced Sisyphus cooling for compensating the heating by gravity. A geometric method of the conversion of a Gaussian light beam into a doughnut-shaped light beam suitable for the atomic funnel is also experimentally demonstrated by means of a double-cone prism. Under the assumption of a proper optical intensity distribution over the inner surface of a specific conical hollow prism, the Monte Carlo simulation including the van der Waals interaction shows that a half of the released Rb atoms can be collected and the mean temperature of the collected atoms is low enough for the application to be guided with a bent hollow optical fiber.
We propose an atomic funnel consisting of a dark hollow, divergent laser beam and an evanescent light in a short micron-sized hollow optical fiber. The cold atoms extracted from a magneto-optical trap experience effective Sisyphus cooling in the dark hollow beam. We calculate the potential barriers for atomic guiding in the evanescent light and the dark hollow beam, and analyze the atomic losses during the guiding and funneling process. Our results show that the equilibrium three-dimensional root-mean-square momentum of about $4.5\ensuremath{\Elzxh}k$ (temperature $\ensuremath{\sim}2.5\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$) and the funneling efficiency of about 95% could be obtained. A low-velocity, intense coherent atomic beam can be generated in this funnel scheme and its potential applications in atom optics are briefly discussed.
We propose and analyze theoretically a scheme for atomic guiding and cooling in a dark hollow laser beam generated from the collimated output beam of a LP01{\mathrm{LP}}_{01}LP01​ mode in a micrometer-sized hollow optical fiber. In the scheme, cold atoms from a magneto-optical trap are loaded into the blue-detuned dark hollow beam, move down in the dark hollow beam, and experience transverse Sisyphus cooling induced by the dark hollow beam and a weak repumping beam. In the longitudinal direction, the guided atoms experience heating from the gravity field and cooling from the upward-propagating dark hollow beam and repumping beam. We estimate the transverse two-dimensional equilibrium temperature, the final longitudinal mean velocity, and the total loss of the guided atoms. Our calculations show that a transverse equilibrium temperature of $\ensuremath{\sim}1.2\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K},$ a final longitudinal mean velocity of 0--4.41 m/s, and a guiding efficiency of 65--95 % may be obtained.
We propose a simple atomic-beam collimator consisting of a blue-detuned cylindrical-hollow (doughnut) laser beam. Cold atoms from a magneto-optical trap are loaded into the doughnut beam and guided in the propagation direction of the doughnut beam. The cold atoms experience efficient Sisyphus cooling induced by the doughnut beam and a weak repumping beam and are collimated in the transverse direction. In the longitudinal direction the cold atoms experience small accelerations that are due to the absorption-induced heating of the doughnut beam and the repumping beam. The cooling, heating, and loss mechanisms in this atomic collimator are analyzed. Our study shows that an intense cold atomic beam with a minimum transverse velocity of ∼2 cm s-1 (a minimum transverse temperature of ∼1.4 μK) and a brightness of approximately 2×1013 atoms (sr-1 cm-2 s-1) can be obtained from the collimator.
Summary form only given. Preparation of slow atomic beams has applications in experiments such as lithography, atom interferometry and in general for transporting atoms, for example from one vacuum chamber to another. Optical methods together with hollow fibers have been successfully employed to transport atoms, and all-optical methods using far off-resonant dipole forces have recently attracted much interest. Such all-optical methods have advantages in that far off-resonant dipole traps have potentially very low scattering rates, especially blue detuned hollow beam traps where atoms are restricted to low intensity regions where perturbations due to the light field are minimum. Optical atom guides also have practical advantages in that they can be switched, and can be easily introduced into high vacuum apparatus. Blue detuned hollow laser beams generated from a hollow optical fiber have been used to guide atoms (Xu et al, 1999; Babiker et al, 1994), and holographically generated doughnut beams have been used to guide and focus a cold beam of metastable neon atoms. In our experiments, we investigate the motion of cold rubidium atoms in far-detuned and near-resonant doughnut beams.