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Physics Bulletin

Quantum mechanics rules

Published Sep 1, 1982• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Another nail in the coffin of hidden-variable theories has been driven by workers at the University of Paris-Sud. Alain Aspect, Philippe Grangier and Gèrard Roger ( Phys. Rev. Lett. 1982 49 91–4) claim to have observed the greatest violation yet of Bell's inequalities, which provide an experimental test that the so-called realistic local (or hidden variable) theories of quantum mechanics have to pass.

DOI
10.1088/0031-9112/33/9/022

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Another nail in the coffin of hidden-variable theories has been driven by workers at the University of Paris-Sud. Alain Aspect, Philippe Grangier and Gèrard Roger ( Phys. Rev. Lett. 1982 49 91–4) claim to have observed the greatest violation yet of Bell's inequalities, which provide an experimental test that the so-called realistic local (or hidden variable) theories of quantum mechanics have to pass.
A recent experiment yielding results in agreement with quantum theory and violating Bell inequalities was interpreted [Nature 526 (29 Octobert 2015) p. 682 and p. 649] as ruling out any local realistic theory of nature. But quantum theory itself is both local and realistic when properly interpreted using a quantum Hilbert space rather than the classical hidden variables used to derive Bell inequalities. There is no spooky action at a distance in the real world we live in if it is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics.
A local hidden-variable model is exhibited for the experiments by Aspect, Grangier, and Roger [Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 460 (1981); 49, 91 (1982)] and Aspect, Dalibard, and Roger [Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1804 (1982)] measuring polarization correlation of optical-photon pairs. The model agrees with quantum-mechanical predictions for all measurable quantities even with ideal polarizers and detectors, and emphasizes the need of a high degree of directional correlation, besides the correlation of spin (or polarization or other quantities), in any test of locality. It is proved that homogeneous inequalities, involving only coincidence detection rates, cannot discriminate between quantum mechanics and local theories, which invalidates all previously used empirical tests. The role of supplementary assumptions, like the so-called no enhancement, for the derivation of Bell's inequalities is discussed. Finally it is conjectured that quantum mechanics might be compatible with local realism, if we assume that not all self-adjoint operators represent observables and not all density operators represent states.
Bell's inequalities established in 1964 and the experiments carried out by Alain Aspect in 1982 on entangled photons [Aspect et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 91 (1982) and Aspect et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1804 (1982)] made it possible to refute all theories with local hidden variables and to confirm the predictions of quantum mechanics. This article has several objectives: to show that if quantum mechanics is correct, then there is a superluminal influence between entangled photons; to propose an explanation and a possible mechanism of this superluminal influence by the gravitons field of the dynamic medium of reference theory; to propose an experiment allowing a superluminal transmission of information; and to propose an expression of the superluminal speed of gravitons and a link with vacuum energy and dark energy by a new law of physics: E vacuum /E dark ≈ V2Gravitons/c2/ ≈ (D Univers/c.t Planck)2.