Particles, Fields, and Probabilities

Jincheng Zhang

This paper proposes a novel framework for understanding particle behavior, termed the Particle Existence Probability Field (PEPF). The core concept challenges the traditional wave function interpretation by suggesting that a particle's probability of existence is intrinsically linked to a surrounding probability field. Rather than simply representing a probability density derived from a wave function, the PEPF posits a dynamic, interconnected system where the field itself governs the likelihood of a particle being found at a specific location and time. This framework is predicated on high-precision quantum experiments designed to validate its predictions. The theoretical underpinnings involve a re-evaluation of the fundamental nature of particles and their relationship to the physical universe. The PEPF offers a potential pathway to resolving longstanding paradoxes in quantum mechanics and opens avenues for new theoretical developments. The presented model aims to replace the concept of the particle as a fixed, localized entity with a more fluid, field-dependent representation.

Emilio d’Emilio, Luigi E. Picasso

B. Rosenstein, Lawrence Paul Horwitz

The probability density of detecting a relativistic particle has been found by Newton and Wigner (1949) for a point in space. This probability density must, however, be the zero component of the same vector field. This (unique) vector field-the probability current-is constructed and discussed.

Christof Wetterich

We demonstrate how the interference effects for a quantum particle in the double-slit experiment can be described by classical probabilities. We investigate a classical field theory for a complex scalar field with probabilistic initial conditions. A central element are conserved charges leading to the concept of particles. These are statistical observables which describe properties of the probability distribution for field configurations. The conserved charges define subsystems for particle excitations of a vacuum state. The classical probability distribution for the one-particle subsystem can be expressed in terms of a complex wave function. The Liouville equation for the classical probability distribution implies that the time evolution of this wave function obeys the Schrödinger equation for a quantum particle in a potential. The potential arises from space-dependent external fields in the otherwise relativistic classical field theory. It can be chosen arbitrarily, realizing the typical quantum effects of interference, tunneling or discrete energy spectra.

Richard H. Bube