The quantum particle

Dennis Dieks

According to what is known as the Received View, quantum particles of the same kind have no identity. Quantum statistics provides one of the main arguments for this position, namely that permutations of quantum particles of the same kind do not result in new particle configurations, while permutations of classical particles always do. According to the Received View, there is therefore a sharp contrast between classical and quantum particles. In this article, we criticise the Received View in general and the argument from statistics in particular. We discuss and defend an alternative view, according to which particles in modern physics are not fundamental but rather emergent entities. Accordingly, classical particles are limiting cases of emergent quantum particles, so that the difference between quantum and classical particles is only gradual. We discuss recent objections to this alternative approach.

Masao Nagasawa

Shiyong Li

To improve search ability and optimization efficiency and to avoid premature con- vergence for particle swarms optimization,a novel quantum particle swarm optimization for continuous space optimization is proposed.The positions of particles are encoded by the prob- ability amplitudes of quantum bits,the movements of particles are performed by quantum rotation gates,which achieve particles searching.The mutations of particles are performed by quantum non-gate,which increase the diversity Of particles.As each quantum bit contains two probability amplitudes,each particle occupies two positions in space.Hence,the process of searching is accelerated.The experimental results show that the algorithm proposed is superior to the basic particle swarms optimization.

Changyu Huang, Yong-Chang Huang, Yi-you Nie

This paper discovers new quantum physics, and gives solutions to puzzles of Wheeler's delayed choice and a particle's passing many slits simultaneously by exact quantum physics expressions. We further show new quantum control, new quantum oscillation, new quantum control experiments and new quantum oscillator being able to be installed in quantum communication network etc. We discover that the ability of a photon to hit electrons out in photoelectric effect is complementarily equivalent to the ability of wave of a photon to simultaneously pass through many slits in wave-particle duality. Objective criterion for distinguishing classical and quantum particles is found, and this paper gives applicable realm of quantum theories and new quantum physics expressions of wave-particle duality. All these studies above should be classified as classical and quantum particles, then classical particle and quantum particle wave cannot and can pass many slits, respectively. This paper discovers wave-particle duality's origin of displaying both wave property from plane wave part of the general Fourier expansion and particle property from the general Fourier expansion coefficients with the particle's global property and spins etc. We give the superposition state representation of wave-particle duality, further find the collapse of the duality superposition state to wave or particle state. The collapsed wave or particle state is related to the measure of wave or particle property. Then, we explain why sometimes it's a wave or a particle. Our achieved results are truly tested, and we discover new measured attractive state and quantum wave collapse velocity expression.

Samuel J. Ling, Jeff Sanny, William Moebs