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Applied Physics B

Phase conjugation

Daniel Bloch, Rama K. Raj, M. Ducloy, Irving J. Bigio, Michael Slatkine, B. J. Feldman, R.A. Fisher, Tallis Y. Chang, David L. Naylor, R. W. Hellwarth, J. A. Buuck, A. Dienes, J. R. Whinnery, M. C. Gower, R. G., Michael J. Damzen, Marcus H. R. Hutchinson, Bernard L. Wexler, L. J. Palumbo, John F. Reintjes, Nicholas Djeu, Duncan G. Steel, R. A. McFarlane, Juan Francisco Lam, H. A. Haus, Erich P. Ippen, A.L. Lattes, C. Gabriel, Fred J. Leonberger, B. Fischer, Mark Cronin‐Golomb, J. O. White, Avigail Yariv

Published Jan 1, 1982• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/bf00697841

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Various aspects of optical phase conjugation are discussed: the properties of the conjugate wave, its potential applications, the basic conjugation methods, and a brief history of the question. The theory for phase conjugation in stimulated scattering is set forth in detail. The basic experimental results on this conjugation method are also discussed in detail. Phase conjugation occurs because that configuration of the back-scattered field which has the conjugate wavefront is amplified to the greatest extent (at a doubled gain) in the intense speckle-inhomogeneous conjugate wave in a medium in which stimulated scattering occurs. Because of the large overall amplification in stimulated scattering, all the other, uncorrelated, configurations of the spontaneously scattered nucleating waves are amplified by a factor of 107 less and are discriminated against. The intervals of values of the various parameters in which the conjugate configuration (the specklon) exists are discussed theoretically, as is the effect of nonlinear selection and saturation on phase conjugation in stimulated scattering. There is a review of experimental results on the first observation of the effect, on the measurement of the angular structure of the uncorrelated waves and of the extent to which they are discriminated against, on the phase fluctuations of the conjugate wave, on the conjugation of subthreshold and depolarized radiation, and on phase conjugation in stimulated scattering in focused beams and for other scattered-wave amplification mechanisms.

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Single-beam phase conjugation for lasers phase locking and image formation

Nickolai V. Kukhtarev, Tatiana V. Kukhtareva, Michael J. Curley +2 more

Single-beam phase conjugation (self-phase conjugation, or SPC) was observed in the ferroelectric crystal LiNbO3:Fe using CW HeNe laser (wavelength 632 nm power 10-36 mW). Effective "out/in" reflection coefficient of phase conjugation (defined as the ratio the output phase-conjugated beam to the input laser beam measured before optical elements) was about 30%. For some crystals efficient phase conjugation was followed by the simultaneous generation of Fabry-Perot modes. Phase locking of two HeNe lasers and imaging of the amplitude objects with the help of self-phase conjugation was demonstrated. Appearances of additional beams (in transmission and reflection) have some analogy with the predicted behavior of the "negative-index materials".

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Phase conjugation using the surface nonlinearity of a dense potassium vapor

Jeffery J. Maki, William V. Davis, Robert W. Boyd +1 more

We observe optical phase conjugation using the surface nonlinearity of a dense atomic potassium vapor. For an atomic number density of 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$, phase-conjugate reflectivities of 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ are measured for pump intensities approaching the saturation intensity of 10 W ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$. We also demonstrate aberration correction using surface phase conjugation. The measured properties of the surface-phase-conjugate signal are in excellent agreement with the predictions of a theory of surface phase conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing, in which the origin of the nonlinear response is saturated absorption.

Physical Review A•Dec 1, 1992•30 citations
Various aspects of optical phase conjugation are discussed: the properties of the conjugate wave, its potential applications, the basic conjugation methods, and a brief history of the question. The theory for phase conjugation in stimulated scattering is set forth in detail. The basic experimental results on this conjugation method are also discussed in detail. Phase conjugation occurs because that configuration of the back-scattered field which has the conjugate wavefront is amplified to the greatest extent (at a doubled gain) in the intense speckle-inhomogeneous conjugate wave in a medium in which stimulated scattering occurs. Because of the large overall amplification in stimulated scattering, all the other, uncorrelated, configurations of the spontaneously scattered nucleating waves are amplified by a factor of 107 less and are discriminated against. The intervals of values of the various parameters in which the conjugate configuration (the specklon) exists are discussed theoretically, as is the effect of nonlinear selection and saturation on phase conjugation in stimulated scattering. There is a review of experimental results on the first observation of the effect, on the measurement of the angular structure of the uncorrelated waves and of the extent to which they are discriminated against, on the phase fluctuations of the conjugate wave, on the conjugation of subthreshold and depolarized radiation, and on phase conjugation in stimulated scattering in focused beams and for other scattered-wave amplification mechanisms.
Single-beam phase conjugation (self-phase conjugation, or SPC) was observed in the ferroelectric crystal LiNbO3:Fe using CW HeNe laser (wavelength 632 nm power 10-36 mW). Effective "out/in" reflection coefficient of phase conjugation (defined as the ratio the output phase-conjugated beam to the input laser beam measured before optical elements) was about 30%. For some crystals efficient phase conjugation was followed by the simultaneous generation of Fabry-Perot modes. Phase locking of two HeNe lasers and imaging of the amplitude objects with the help of self-phase conjugation was demonstrated. Appearances of additional beams (in transmission and reflection) have some analogy with the predicted behavior of the "negative-index materials".
We observe optical phase conjugation using the surface nonlinearity of a dense atomic potassium vapor. For an atomic number density of 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1017{10}^{17}1017 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$, phase-conjugate reflectivities of 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ are measured for pump intensities approaching the saturation intensity of 10 W ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$. We also demonstrate aberration correction using surface phase conjugation. The measured properties of the surface-phase-conjugate signal are in excellent agreement with the predictions of a theory of surface phase conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing, in which the origin of the nonlinear response is saturated absorption.